Abstract
Allochthonous biofossil distribution in the blanket peat bog of Bolshoy Shantar Island was used to analyze atmospheric circulation anomalies in the north-western Okhotsk Sea over the last 12.6 ka. The main aim of this study was to determine periods of intensification of deep cyclones and extreme storms. The composition of bioaerosols is significantly influenced by atmospheric zonal and meridional transport anomalies associated with anomalies of the monsoon system of Northeast Asia, atmospheric fronts and cyclone trajectories. Marine diatoms enter the peatland from the sea during extreme storms and record the passage of sea cyclones in the autumn-winter, whereas the distribution of allochthonous pollen indicates the intensity of continental cyclones. We used Pinus pumila pollen as an indicator of heavy snowfalls and winter cyclone activity. Fifteen phases of extreme storms were identified. Changes in ice coverage also played an important role in bioaerosol emission. During cold periods, emissions of bioaerosols mainly occurred in the open sea, whereas during warm periods, emissions occurred near the coast. The recurrence and intensity of cyclones during the cold seasons depends on displacement of the Siberian High and Aleutian Low. Periods of continental cyclones intensified in spring-summer and coincided with periods of active winter cyclogenesis.
Highlights
Bioaerosols are aerosols that include biological material and can be transported over hundreds to thousands of kilometers
The peat contains marine diatoms that could have been carried onto land during periods of high storm activity associated with the passage of deep cyclones
Northboreal Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus ochotensis and arctoboreal Porosira glacialis inhabit the north of the subarctic front, including the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the seas of the Eastern Arctic [28,41,42]
Summary
Bioaerosols are aerosols that include biological material and can be transported over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Bioaerosols mainly consist of plant pollen, which, despite its large size (10–100 μm), can be transported by air currents, over 1000 km [4]. Tiny bubbles form on the sea surface during high winds and storms, and burst when the formation grows to a large number of drops. Upon drying, these drops turn into salt particles (less than 0.1 μm in size) that can enter the atmosphere as aerosols [1,5]. Microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and phytoplankton (e.g., dinoflagellates, diatoms) can enter the aerosols
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