Abstract
Bioactive surface modification of Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr alloy (TNTZ) was performed through three different alkali solution treatments, including the electrochemical (E), hydrothermal (H), and hydrothermal-electrochemical (HE) processes; all of the processes lead to the formation of sodium-contained amorphous titanium oxide layers on TNTZ samples. The TNTZ samples subjected to the E, H, and HE processes exhibit a flat surface, smooth and fine mesh-like structure surface, and rough mesh-like structure surface, respectively. In the bioactive test, namely, simulated body fluid test, apatite inductivity increases as the surface morphology becomes rough. The order of inductivity for the three processes was HE>H>E. The surface chemical composition also affects the apatite induction ability. The surface with fewer niobium species exhibits better apatite inductivity.
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