Bioactive Glass-Based Composites for Cranioplasty Implants

Abstract

Craniectomy is a very frequently used procedure in modern neurosurgical practice required secondary to a traumatic skull bone fracture, tumour extraction or severe infection. The craniofacial region is a complex zone, comprising bone, cartilage, soft tissue, nerves and blood vessels. The bones provide the support and protection for other elements, and hence their reconstruction is of a great importance to restore normal functionalities. The aim of this chapter is to summarise the advancement in the field of bioactive glass composites for the use as a craniofacial implant and their studies in surgical challenges. Our discussion broadly covers innovations in material development part and fine-tuning of the composites with structural and functional improvisations to draw the attention of scientists and researchers by summarising recent advancement of craniofacial implants based on composites of bioactive glass and their studies in craniofacial surgical challenges along with their aftermath. With the vast versatility of bioactive glass composite materials, current innovations in implant material development together with structural and functional modifications are waiting to be explored more and more. First, we have discussed the history and evolution of cranioplasty and its requirements in craniofacial surgery including origin, shape and size of the defect and mechanical properties of cranial bone. Subsequently, different craniofacial implant materials starting from bioactive glass, its composite with polymers, ceramics and other materials have been discussed. Finally, the future aspects have been briefly outlined.