Abstract
This research studied the characteristics of Palm Fatty Acids Distillates (PFADs) from several palm oil refineries. It was aimed to know the potency of PFAD as bioactive compounds source, including vitamin E (mainly tocotrienols), phytosterols, squalene and possibly co-enzyme Q10 and polycosanol. Sampling was conducted at 6 palm oil refineries. The results showed that PFAD was dominated by free fatty acids of 85-95% with low oxidation level indicated by peroxide value of 1-10 meq/kg and anisidin value of 6-31. Bioactive compounds found were vitamin E 60-200 ppm, phytosterols 400-7500 ppm and squalene 400-2800 ppm, meanwhile polycosanol and co-enzyme Q10 were not found. Vitamin E was dominated by tocotrienols and &gamma tocotrienol was the major vitamin E, followed by &alpha and &delta tocotrienols. Phytosterols in PFADs from several palm oil refineries had variety in quantity and composition. Generally it was dominated by &beta sitosterol, followed by stigmasterol and campesterol.
Highlights
Palm oil is one of vegetable oils that rich in phytonutrients about 1%, that comprises of vitamin E (600-1000 ppm), carotenoid (500-700 ppm), phytosterols (300-620 ppm), squalene (250-540 ppm), phospholipids (20-100 ppm), co-enzyme Q10 (10-80 ppm) and polyphenolics (40-70 ppm) (Loganathan et al, 2009)
Free fatty acids level was in accordance to PORIM standard for Palm Fatty Acids Distillates (PFADs) that free fatty acid content should be minimum 70% (Affandi, 1994)
Different deodorization process applied in palm oil refineries might lead to different free fatty acid content of PFAD, but we had no data of deodorization and other refining process from these 6 palm oil refineries
Summary
Palm oil is one of vegetable oils that rich in phytonutrients about 1%, that comprises of vitamin E (600-1000 ppm), carotenoid (500-700 ppm), phytosterols (300-620 ppm), squalene (250-540 ppm), phospholipids (20-100 ppm), co-enzyme Q10 (10-80 ppm) and polyphenolics (40-70 ppm) (Loganathan et al, 2009). Palm oil refining steps to obtain edible oil are degumming to remove gum, bleaching to reduce color and deodorization. Deodorization is objected to remove volatile odoreous compounds and this process produces a by product that called Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). PFAD contains fatty acids and glycerides of 96.1% and other minor bioactive compounds such as tocopherols and tocotrienols (0.48%), phytosterols (0.37%), squalene (0.76%) and other hydrocarbons (0.71%) (Gapoor et al, 2002), PFAD has not been explored yet as bioactives source
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