Abstract
The roots of Polygala tenuifolia Wild (Polygalaceae), which is among the most important components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, have been widely used for over 1000 years to treat a variety of diseases. In the current investigation of secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties from Korean medicinal plants, a phytochemical constituent study led to the isolation of 15 compounds (1–15) from the roots of P. tenuifolia via a combination of chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic data such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1D- and 2D-NMR, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). As the obtained results, the isolated compounds were divided into two groups—phenolic glycosides (1–9) and triterpenoid saponins (10–15). The anti-inflammatory effects of crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were investigated on the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The IC50 values, ranging from 0.08 ± 0.01 to 21.05 ± 0.40 μM, indicated potent inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines. In particular, compounds 3–12, 14, and 15 showed promising anti-inflammatory activity. These results suggest that phenolic and triterpenoid saponins from P. tenuifolia may be excellent anti-inflammatory agents.
Highlights
Chronic inflammation, which is associated with complications such as osteoarthritis and cancer, is currently the most challenging public health issue
IL-12 p40, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). These results suggest that P. tenuifolia extracts and isolated compounds 3−12, 14, and 15 have significant anti-inflammatory effects and may be candidates for the treatment of inflammation and other related diseases
B (11), onjisaponin B (12), micranthoside A (13), polygalasaponin XXVIII (14), and platycodin D (15). Their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectra) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
Summary
Chronic inflammation, which is associated with complications such as osteoarthritis and cancer, is currently the most challenging public health issue. Saponin compounds (onjisaponins A, B, E, F, and G) from the roots of P. tenuifolia have been used to treat psychosis, whereas xanthone constituents were found to inhibit neuraminidases from influenza A viruses [12]. Natural bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, triterpene saponins, and carbohydrates, are responsible for the pharmaceutical activities of medicinal herbs [13,14]. IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) These results suggest that P. tenuifolia extracts and isolated compounds 3−12, 14, and 15 have significant anti-inflammatory effects and may be candidates for the treatment of inflammation and other related diseases
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