Abstract
This study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2-nonen-4-olide (Comp) isolated from Ulva pertusa Kjellman on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Comp revealed remarkable inhibitory effects on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Comp pre-treatment in the CpG DNA-stimulated BMDCs exhibited strong inhibition of interleukin (IL)-12 p40 and IL-6 production with IC50 values ranging from 7.57 ± 0.2 to 10.83 ± 0.3, respectively. It revealed an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38, and on activator protein (AP)-1 reporter activity. Comp displayed noteworthy inhibitory effects on phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and on NF-κB reporter activity. In summary, these data propose that Comp has substantial anti-inflammatory properties and warrants further study concerning its potential use as a therapeutic agent for inflammation-associated maladies.
Highlights
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by cells of the innate immune system known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [1,2]
Possible cytotoxicities of Comp on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), cell viability was determined by using colorimetric dimethyl‐2,5 thiazolyl)‐2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay
The results showed viability of BMDCs was not significantly influenced by Comp at the indicated concentrations
Summary
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by cells of the innate immune system known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [1,2]. Among various PRRs, toll-like receptors (TLR) play an essential role in detecting several types of PAMPS and manage appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses [3]. Dendritic cells are key cellular component of mammalian immune system and known as antigen presenting cells. TLRs are expressed in BMDCs and play vital role in detection of various PAMPs. The main function of BMDCs is to process the antigen and present it to other cells of immune system. Stimulation of BMDCs leads to the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [4,5,6]
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