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Abstract
Strategies for bone tissue engineering and regeneration rely on bioactive scaffolds to mimic the natural extracellular matrix and act as templates onto which cells attach, multiply, migrate and function. Of particular interest are nanocomposites and organic-inorganic (O/I) hybrid biomaterials based on selective combinations of biodegradable polymers and bioactive inorganic materials. In this paper, we review the current state of bioactive and biodegradable nanocomposite and O/I hybrid biomaterials and their applications in bone regeneration. We focus specifically on nanocomposites based on nano-sized hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glass (BG) fillers in combination with biodegradable polyesters and their hybrid counterparts. Topics include 3D scaffold design, materials that are widely used in bone regeneration, and recent trends in next generation biomaterials. We conclude with a perspective on the future application of nanocomposites and O/I hybrid biomaterials for regeneration of bone.
Highlights
Bone defects, ranging from small voids to large segmental defects are a prevalent and persistent problem in clinical orthopedics and dentistry
Since natural bone matrix is a composite of biological ceramic and polymer, it is not surprising that several synthetic and natural biomaterials based on natural/synthetic polymers, bioceramics and their composites, and hybrids have been used to prepare scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application [12,43,44,45,46]
In particular investigators have concentrated on synthetic biodegradable polymers that are approved by the United States Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as suture materials
Summary
Bone defects, ranging from small voids to large segmental defects are a prevalent and persistent problem in clinical orthopedics and dentistry. Intervention is necessary to repair nonunions or critical size defects, which are intraosseous wounds of a size that do not heal by regeneration, or in which some pathologic process exists that prevents regeneration In these cases, bone-graft materials are often required to provide an osteogenic response promoting the formation of new bone [1]. A range of different tissue engineering concepts, varying from acellular scaffolds to cellular/scaffold constructs, which are implanted with little or no in vitro culturing, have been studied in various situations including large animal models and clinical applications. In these studies, the animal/human body served as the bioreactor [8,18,19]. The conventional methods for scaffold fabrication include drop-on-demand printing,[23] gas foaming [24,25,26], solvent casting/particulate leaching [22,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35], precipitation casting [36], electrospinning [37,38], microsphere sintering, particulate leaching [27,34,39,40,41,42], freeze-drying [43] and a combination of these techniques
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