Abstract
Tissue phantoms are widely used as substitute materials for real tissue validation of various newly emerging biomedical technologies such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is no specific recipe for fabricating skin-mimicking phantoms which can mimic both the mechanical and dielectric properties of human skin at lower frequency ranges. 
 
 The objective of this paper is to present a variety of tissue-mimicking materials for filling this research gap in the lower frequency range from 20 Hz to 300 kHz. The starting point of our experiments is based on the oil-in-gelatin based tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) that have shown to mimic the dielectric properties of human skin in higher frequency ranges. This paper examines the mechanical and dielectric performance of five major classes of tissue-mimicking materials (1) Oil-in-gelatin, (2) lignin and graphene nanopowder in gelatin, (3) gelatin and distilled water, (4) mixed oil in gelatin and distilled water, and (5) lignin in gelatin and distilled water. 
 
 Mechanical and electrical testing was performed using compression testing and parallel plate method respectively. The effect of electrode polarization was considered in the measured data and the intrinsic impedance values were found to be following the Cole-Cole equation. The Young's modulus range of all tissue-mimicking materials was within the range of skin.
Highlights
Tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms are vivid models of real human tissue that exhibit realistic properties of tissues in certain areas (Porter et al, n.d.)
The electrical properties of the tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) were depicted by a plot of their permittivity and conductivity with varying frequencies
This study examined the mechanical and electrical performance of five kinds of TMMs at a frequency range of 20 Hz to 300 kHz
Summary
Tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms are vivid models of real human tissue that exhibit realistic properties of tissues in certain areas (Porter et al, n.d.). As real human tissue samples are difficult to obtain and store (Bot et al, 2009) (Singh et al, 2016), tissue phantoms are making a significant contribution to the characterization of the new imaging technologies and medical training. The dielectric properties of most existing skin-mimicking phantoms were measured at high frequencies (normally over 500MHz) to satisfy the requirement of microwave imaging technology (Meaney et al, 2012) (Popovic et al, 2005). Less research has been done on phantoms mimicking human skin at low frequencies because of the error introduced due to the electrode-polarization effect
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