Abstract
Pyrolysis of Cirsium yildizianum samples were carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (tincal, colemanite and ulexite) and without catalyst catalyst at three different temperatures (350, 450, 550 oC) with a constant heating rate of 50 oC/min. The yields of bio-char, bio-oil and gas produced along with the compositions of the resulting bio-oils were determined by elemental, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effects of pyrolysis parameters including temperature and catalyst on product yields were investigated. The results indicate that both temperature and catalyst had signficant effect on conversion of Cirsium yildizianum into solid, liquid and gas products. The highest liquid (bio-oil) yield of 40.62% including aqueous phase was obtained in the presence of colemanite (10%) as catalyst at 550 oC. 79 different compounds were identified by GC-MS in bio-oils obtained at 550 oC.
Highlights
In recent years, the continuing utilization of fossil fuels has resulted in environmental pollution, global warming and acid rains
In addition to direct combustion, biomass can be converted into fuels and chemicals by using different conversion methods [4]
The raw Cirsium yildizianum was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the middle region including the wave numbers between 4000–550 cm1
Summary
The continuing utilization of fossil fuels has resulted in environmental pollution, global warming and acid rains. The steadily increasing market price and shortage of fossil fuels has caused energy crisis in the world. These issues have driven the worldwide efforts to explore new alternative and renewable fuels that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Biomass is one of the most abundant sources of renewable energy and is an important candidate for sustainable energy systems in the future. In this regard, the production of alternative energy, fuels and value-added chemicals from biomass has attracted great attention in recent years [1,2,3]. The biomass conversion technologies are mainly divided into biochemical and thermochemical such as liquefaction, pyrolysis and gasification [5,6,7]
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