Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with poor prognosis and aggressive nature accounts for 10–20% of all invasive breast cancer (BC) cases and is detected in as much as 15% of individuals diagnosed with BC. Currently, due to the absence of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptor, there is no hormone-based therapy for TNBC. In addition, there are still no FDA-approved targeted therapies for patients with TNBC. TNBC treatment is challenging owing to poor prognosis, tumor heterogeneity, chemotherapeutic side effects, the chance of metastasis, and multiple drug-resistance. Therefore, various bio-inspired tumor-homing nano systems responding to intra- and extra- cellular stimuli are an urgent need to treat TNBC patients who do not respond to current chemotherapy. In this review, intensive efforts have been made for exploring cell-membrane coated nanoparticles and immune cell-targeted nanoparticles (immunotherapy) to modulate the tumor microenvironment and deliver accurate amounts of therapeutic agents to TNBC without stimulating the immune system.
Highlights
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy in females, diagnosed in 24.2%of cases and contributing to a mortality of 15% worldwide [1,2]
We aim to summarize the currently investigated bio-inspired tumor-homing nanosystems for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)
Cell membranes are coated onto NPs through membrane proteins that are present on the membranes of prepare the outer layer, the cells are pretreated with hypotonic cell lysis or 4mild of 24 mechanical stresses including homogenization or sonication the proteolipid vesicles of cell membranes are purified and isolated from cells by multiple ultracentrifugation procedures [25,35]
Summary
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy in females, diagnosed in 24.2%. of cases and contributing to a mortality of 15% worldwide [1,2]. Compared with other BC subtypes, distant recurrence and poor prognosis occur more frequently in patients with TNBC, women with this disease respond favorably to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [10]. TNBC is considered a heterogeneous disease owing to a high incidence of rare subtypes including adenoid cystic (90–100%), medullary (95%), metaplastic (90%), and apocrine (40–60%) cancers. (BL1) and basal-like 2 (BL2)), mesenchymal (M), mesenchymal stem cell-like (MSL), immunomodulatory (IM), luminal androgen receptor-like (LAR), and unclassified, which are all identified by gene expression analysis [14] Such heterogeneity makes targeting this disease difficult, but it affects its management. Despite the initial chemosensitivity of TNBC as compared with other types of BC, a high risk of recurrence in patients not achieving pathological complete response (pCR) exists [13]. Treatment re-challenging in recurrent or metastatic TNBC is the only available strategy because of multiple limiting factors such as a poor objective response, multi-drug resistance, and unacceptable toxicity, which all require an urgent need to targeted therapy [6,13]
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