Abstract
ABSTRACTIn order to study bio fertilizers and zinc effects on some physiological parameters of triticale under a water-limitation condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014 and 2015. Experimental factors consisted of three irrigation treatments [normal irrigation (W0); moderate water limitation (W1) and severe water limitation (W2)]; four bio fertilizers’ levels [(no bio fertilizer (F0), application of mycorrhiza (F1), plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (F2) and both application PGPR and mycorrhiza (F3)] and four nano zinc oxide levels [(without nano zinc oxide (Zn0) as control, application of 0.3 (Zn1), 0.6 (Zn2) and 0.9 (Zn3) g L−1)]. Results showed that water limitation decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content, stomatal conductance, quantum yield and grain yield of triticale, whereas electrical conductivity and the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1) enzymes were increased. Inoculation of plants with bio fertilizers and zinc application improved these traits (except electrical conductivity) under water-limitation condition as well as normal irrigation. Based on the results, it was concluded that bio fertilizers and nano zinc oxide application can be recommended for profitable triticale production under water-limitation condition.
Highlights
Triticale is a human-made crop, being a hybrid formed by cross-fertilization of wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale spp.)
Experimental factors consisted of three irrigation treatments [normal irrigation (W0) as control, moderate water limitation (W1) or irrigation withholding at 50% of heading stage and severe water limitation (W2) or irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage]; four bio fertilizers levels [(no bio fertilizer (F0), application of mycorrhiza (F1), plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (F2) and both application PGPR and mycorrhiza (F3)] and four nano zinc oxide levels [(without nano zinc oxide as control (Zn0), application of 0.3 (Zn1), 0.6 (Zn2) and 0.9 (Zn3) g L−1)]
The water limitation significantly increased the activity of CAT, POD and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes in comparison with control plants
Summary
Triticale is a human-made crop, being a hybrid formed by cross-fertilization of wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale spp.). Triticale combines the high-yield potential of wheat with the biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of rye, making it more suitable for the production in marginal areas (acidic, saline or soils with heavy metal toxicity) (Cantale et al 2016). The benefits of triticale production are enormous, and this is the reason for its adoption in more than 30 countries with an ever increasing acreage. In 2005, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 13.5 million tons of triticale grain was harvested in 28 countries across the world. Interest in triticale has developed around two areas of potential use for the grain and its use as forage crop (Mergoum et al 2009)
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