Abstract
Bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) use electrode–microorganism interactions for biotechnology applications such as electricity generation, wastewater treatment, bioremediation, and producing valuable products. The crossover between biotic and abiotic factors is the driving force of BES operations. The interaction of these factors determines the overall efficiency of BES in various applications. Scientists are investigating various aspects for modulating these factors to increase the efficiency and use of the BES across a broader spectrum. In this review, the integration of BESs with electrochemical capacitors, use of synthetic and biosurfactants, application of BESs in biogas generation, utilization of 3D electrodes in BESs, and combining BESs with thermoelectric regulators have been thoroughly discussed. The potential applications of BESs and research gaps in various domains were also covered. This review will be beneficial to researchers better understand and therefore apply the modelling and optimization techniques for BESs constructively, ultimately contributing to the circular cascading bioeconomy.
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