Bimodal grain-structure formation in a Co–Cr-based superalloy during ultrahigh-homologous-temperature annealing without severe plastic deformation

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Bimodal grain structures are often produced in a metal by employing severe plastic deformation followed by low-homologous-temperature annealing (≤0.4Tm, where Tm is melting temperature). Here, a bimodal grain structure was achieved in a Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni–C superalloy via moderate cold rolling (strain ≈0.3) and ultrahigh-homologous-temperature annealing (≥0.8Tm). During annealing, carbide-assisted heterogeneous static-recrystallization played a key role in forming the bimodal grain structure. A 40% increase in combined strength and ductility was observed.