Abstract
Bike-sharing systems have witnessed rapid growth in the last decades. Bike-sharing has been found to influence modal shift from car, public transit, and active transportation modes. However, the impacts on modal shift by considering different kinds of bike-sharing systems are rarely discussed. This study examines the modal shift dynamics and the influential factors on modal shift in response to various bike-sharing systems. Data are obtained by an online survey targeting both non-bike-sharing users and bike-sharing users in a Dutch context. Binary logit models are developed to investigate the relationship between modal shift to bike-sharing with socio-demographic, commuting trip and motivation factors. The survey results show that dockless bike-sharing (Mobike) users are more likely to be non-Dutch and often have no driving license, whereas the situation is opposite for docked bike-sharing (OV-fiets), bicycle-lease (Swapfiets) and non-bike-sharing users. Except for train use, bike-sharing users reduced walking, the use of private bicycle, bus/tram and car. Swapfiets showed a most significant influence on modal shift for both single and multimodal trips. The regression model results indicate that “No stolen/damage problem” and “Cheaper than other modes” are significant factors promoting dockless bike-sharing and bicycle-lease. “Good quality of bicycles” is a significant factor considered by docked bike-sharing and bicycle-lease users. “Public transport subsidy by employer” encourages commuters to shift to docked bike-sharing, whereas individuals with a government student discount are less likely to shift to Swapfiets. Male and multimodal commuters are more likely to use dockless bike-sharing. Commuters are less likely to shift to docked bike-sharing if the trips are “Short” or suitable for “Private bicycle”. The findings provide a clear understanding of the modal shift and its determinants that can help municipal planning and policy decision-making in terms of bike-sharing systems.
Highlights
The rapidly increasing rate of global urbanization and the number of private vehicles have caused great social and environmental problems such as noise, traffic congestion, and air pollution (Morton, 2018; Nikitas, 2018)
The second part reports the perceptions of the motivations for using bike-sharing, followed by the modal shift dynamics caused by bike-sharing systems in the third and the fourth parts
Over 85% of all the respondents are with a bachelor degree, which coincides with the survey results of Heinen and Handy (2012), which reported that people in Delft have a relatively higher education level compared to the national average
Summary
The rapidly increasing rate of global urbanization and the number of private vehicles have caused great social and environmental problems such as noise, traffic congestion, and air pollution (Morton, 2018; Nikitas, 2018). Bike-sharing systems are often used for short-distance trips and have been widely deployed in numerous cities worldwide (Dilay et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2015). Previous studies have summarized that bike-sharing is flexible, economical, and good for health; it helps cut down emissions, ease congestion, reduce fuel usage; and supports multimodal transport connections (Fishman et al, 2014; Shaheen et al, 2010). A number of new characteristics (improved bicycle designs, sophisticated docking stations and automated smartcards (or magnetic stripe cards) electronic bicycle locking and payment systems) differentiate third-generation systems from the previous generations (Shaheen et al, 2010). In contrast to docked bike-sharing, riders are free to leave bicycles in either physical or geo-fencing designated parking areas provided in public space with or without bicycle racks
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