Abstract
This paper presents a qualitative study of a predator–prey interaction system with the functional response proposed by Cosner et al. (Theor Popul Biol 56:65–75, 1999). The response describes a behavioral mechanism which a group of predators foraging in linear formation searches, contacts and then hunts a school of prey. On account of the response, strong Allee effects are induced in predators. In the system, we determine the existence of all feasible nonnegative equilibria; further, we investigate the stabilities and types of the equilibria. We observe the bistability and paradoxical phenomena induced by the behavior of a parameter. Moreover, we mathematically prove that the saddle-node, Hopf and Bogdanov–Takens types of bifurcations can take place at some positive equilibrium. We also provide numerical simulations to support the obtained results.
Highlights
Many clinically important arthropod-borne viruses, such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) (Flaviviruses; Flaviviridae), chikungunya (CHIKV) (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and Rift Valley Fever (Phlebovirus; Bunyaviridae) viruses, are transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti, Aa)
SUMOylation pathway is antiviral against arboviruses in mosquitoes date, studies to determine the role of SUMOylation during arbovirus infection have focused on flaviviruses in mammalian cells [20,21,22,23]
SUMOylation pathway is antiviral against arboviruses in mosquitoes indicated that Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) orthologues from Ae. aegypti and other mosquito species lack an N-terminal SUMO Consensus Motif (SCM), contrary to the chelicerate Ixodes scapularis and vertebrate SUMO orthologues (Fig 1B and 1C; [25])
Summary
Many clinically important arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) (Flaviviruses; Flaviviridae), chikungunya (CHIKV) (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and Rift Valley Fever (Phlebovirus; Bunyaviridae) viruses, are transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti, Aa). Aedes-borne pathogens represent a substantial worldwide public health burden due to an ever expanding geographical vector range and associated threat of viral emergence and epidemic disease [1,2,3,4]. There is a need to develop new and effective vector control measures [10]. In this context, it is crucial to improve our understanding of mosquito biology and mosquito-arbovirus interactions to identify targets that influence arbovirus infection directly in mosquitoes
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