BIFURCATION ANALYSIS OF AN SIR MODEL WITH SATURATED INCIDENCE RATE AND STRONG ALLEE EFFECT

Abstract

In this paper, rich dynamics and complex bifurcations of an SIR epidemic model with saturated incidence rate and strong Allee effect are investigated. First, the existence of disease-free and endemic equilibria is explored, and we prove that the system has at most three positive equilibria, which exhibit different types such as hyperbolic saddle and node, degenerate unstable saddle (node) of codimension 2, degenerate saddle-node of codimension 3 at disease-free equilibria, and cusp, focus, and elliptic types Bogdanov–Takens singularities of codimension 3 at endemic equilibria. Second, bifurcation analysis at these equilibria are investigated, and it is found that the system undergoes a series of bifurcations, including transcritical, saddle node, Hopf, degenerate Hopf, homoclinic, cusp type Bogdanov–Takens of codimensional 2, and focus and elliptic type Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension 3 which are composed of some bifurcations with lower codimension. The system shows very rich dynamics such as the coexistence of multiple periodic orbits and homoclinic loops. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted on the theoretical results.