Abstract
Rice plants accumulate high concentrations of silicon. Silicon has been shown to be involved in plant growth, high yield, and mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it has been demonstrated that inorganic arsenic is taken up by rice through silicon transporters under anaerobic conditions, thus the ability to efficiently take up silicon may be considered either a positive or a negative trait in rice. Germanium is an analogue of silicon that produces brown lesions in shoots and leaves, and germanium toxicity has been used to identify mutants in silicon and arsenic transport. In this study, two different genetic mapping methods were performed to determine the loci involved in germanium sensitivity in rice. Genetic mapping in the biparental cross of Bala × Azucena (an F6 population) and a genome wide association (GWA) study with 350 accessions from the Rice Diversity Panel 1 were conducted using 15 μM of germanic acid. This identified a number of germanium sensitive loci: some co-localised with previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tissue silicon or arsenic concentration, none co-localised with Lsi1 or Lsi6, while one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected within 200 kb of Lsi2 (these are genes known to transport silicon, whose identity was discovered using germanium toxicity). However, examining candidate genes that are within the genomic region of the loci detected above reveals genes homologous to both Lsi1 and Lsi2, as well as a number of other candidate genes, which are discussed.
Highlights
Silicon is an important nutrient for rice, which enhances yield [1,2] and alleviates biotic and abiotic stresses [3]
Germanium induced quantitative trait loci (QTL) were compared to the locations of previously identified arsenic QTLs, as arsenite, an inorganic arsenic species, is an analogue of silicon
The high levels of heritability for all germanium induced lesions within the Bala x Azucena mapping population denoted that the variation of germanium induced lesions observed in the recombinant inbred line (RIL) was under strong genetic control (Table 1)
Summary
Silicon is an important nutrient for rice, which enhances yield [1,2] and alleviates biotic and abiotic stresses [3]. Three silicon transporters (Lsi, Lsi, and Lsi6) which are involved in the uptake, distribution, and accumulation of silicon in rice have been identified [3,4,5]. Lsi and Lsi genes control the transport and distribution of silicon in rice, and are located on chromosome 2 and 3 respectively. Lsi (OsNIP2;1) is categorised as an influx transporter, whereas Lsi is categorised as an efflux transporter of silicon in rice [3,4]. Lsi (OsNIP2;2) is localised on chromosome 6 and regulates silicon distribution in rice shoots [5]. In a recent study, using a modelling approach, the importance of the casparian strip in silicon uptake in PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0137577 September 10, 2015
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