Beyond superfluidity in non-equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensates

Abstract

The phenomenon of superfluidity in open Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) is analysed numerically and analytically. It is found that a superfluid phase is feasible above the speed of sound, when forces due to inhomogeneous non-equilibrium processes oppose the contributions of homogeneous processes. Furthermore a regime of accelerating impurities can be observed for particular pumping/decay strategies. All findings are derived within the complex Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) theory extended to include creation and annihilation terms. Utilising this framework the effective force acting on an impurity as it moves with velocity v through the open condensate can be calculated. The result shows that the drag force is continuously increasing with increasing velocity starting from the state of zero motion at v = 0, a property that can be traced down to the additional homogeneous annihilation/creation term in the extended GP model. For very large velocities however we observe a reversion of the drag force. Our findings stand in stark contrast to the concept of a topological phase transition to frictionless flow below a critical velocity as observed for equilibrium BEC analytically (Astrakharchik and Pitaevskii 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 013608; Pinsker 2017 Physica B 521 36–42), numerically (Winiecki et al 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 26) and for trapped atoms experimentally (Desbuquois et al 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 645; Zwierlein et al 2006 Nature 442 54–58).