Abstract
Today, β-lactam antibiotics are the most widely used. This is due to their low toxicity, wide spectrum of action and variety of drugs. Therefore, the bacterial resistance factor in the form of β-lactamase production is of particular interest. Bacteriological laboratories have classical methods for detecting β-lactamases. However, the combination of bacterial production of enzymes of different classes, together with the overexpression of some of them, causes difficulties in recognizing the production of extended-spectrum enzymes, which is critical for making clinical decisions. Currently known phenotypic detection methods for β-lactamases and extended-spectrum carbapenemases, when performed correctly, allow precise elucidation of the mechanism of resistance. However, these methods are very labor-intensive, difficult to implement and require highly qualified staff of bacteriological laboratories. Perhaps methods based on molecular diagnostic approaches, due to automation and standardization, high accuracy and specificity in identifying β-lactamase genes, reducing research time, and the ability to identify uncultivable or slowly growing microorganisms, could simplify the determination of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the future.
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