Abstract
Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citruslimon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten).
Highlights
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) definition (ISO 2020 document ISO 9235: 2013-2.11) states that an EO is a “product obtained from a natural raw material of plant origin, by steam distillation, by mechanical processes from the epicarp of Citrus fruits, or by dry distillation, after separation of the aqueous phase—if any—by physical processes”
This is true for Lemons, Sweet Oranges, Grapefruits and Mandarins, but not for Bergamots and Bitter Oranges, whose fruit juice is generally produced in small quantities or even not at all
Around 90% of total Bergamot essential oil (BEO) global production comes from Italy and from a small area of fewer than 1400 hectares in Calabria [37]
Summary
For over 400 years, the centre of origin and biodiversity, along with the evolution and phylogeny of the Citrus species, have all been puzzling problems for botanists and the confusing and changing nomenclature of this taxon over the years can reflect intrinsic reproductive features of the species included in this genus, the cultural and geographical issues, and the rapidly evolving techniques used to clarify its phylogeny [1]. Encyclopedia 2021, 1 fertilization (apomictic reproduction): they often present maternal nucellar embryogenesis, where nucellar tissue produces many clonal embryos, resulting in polyembryonic seeds containing mainly or only nucellar embryos with the sole maternal genetic material. This is opposed to zygotic embryos, which contain genetic material of both parents (in mono-embryonic seeds).
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