Bergama (İzmir) Kentsel Kültür Varlıkları Envanteri 2005

After the concept had first been defi­ned on 06.11.1973, in the 1710 numbered Ancient Monuments Law, the archeological sites and their borders in Bergama were re­gistered by Immovable Ancient Remains and Monuments High Council (GEEAYK) on 9.7.1976. 1 Just after the decision about the declaration of Archeological Site; some decisions for the studies that shall define the borders of site and the for construction that shall be valid until the preparation of plan for conservation have been made by Immovable Ancient Remains and Monuments High Co­uncil 2 as Bergama city had been built upon the remains of Ancient Pergamon city and al­so carried the characteristics of as an old settlement area of our time, in spi­te of these decisions, and borders were registered in 1983 3 and re-assessed in 1984 4 . building of the peri­od that shall be valid until urban plan for con­servation of the city have been defined on 07.11.2001, 18 years after the declaration of Urban Site, with the declaration of the city as Urban Archeological Site by Izmir District Number 2 Cultural and Natural Heritage Con­servation Council. According to this decision, the sites in Bergama city have been described as Urban Archeological Site. 1st degree Arc­heological Site, 2nd degree Archeological Si­te, and 3rd degree Archeological Site. Outside the Urban Archeological Site, Urban + 3rd degree Archeological Site has been de­fined by Izmir number 2 Cultural and Natural Assets Conservation Council on 22.1.2003. For this district defined, transition period bu­ilding conditions that shall be valid until the Urban Conservation is on agenda have been declared. On 10.12.2003, the districts of Bergama City have been defined as Urban Archeological Si­te, Urban + 3rd degree Archeological Site, 1st degree Archeological Site, 2nd degree Arche­ological Site and 3rd degree Archeological Si­te by the Conservation Council 1 . The Urban Conservation Plan of the city has been prepared by the Bergama Municipa­lity Survey and Restoration Department and is now wailing to be approved. site borders have gone through changes since the beginning of Bergama Urban Cultu­ral Assets inventory Workshop. With the de­cisions made by Izmir number 2 Cultural and Natural Assets Conservation Council in 2004; the borders of Urban Archeological Site have been widened. These districts where traditio­nal fabric is located and that were defi­ned as Archeological Sites in the 2nd and 3rd degree, have been re-defined as Urban + 3rd degree Archeological Site. Inventory project of Bergama Urban Cultural Heritage started at 2003 and 2nd term is completed in 2004. Bergama Urban Cultural Heritage Inventory work at 2004 contains 606 inventory which includes 45 blocks and 561 historic mo­numents inventories. 164 historic monu­ment's plan drawings were made and 3728 digital photographs were taken, in 2 years do­cumenting of cultural heritage: 59 ur­ban blocks, 785 natural and cultural heritage summing to 844 inventories and 1/200 scale plan drawings of 288 traditional has been documented. Urban Cultural Heritage has been inventoried in 6 of 11 quarters This quarters are Ulucami and Talatpasa quarters at the north of the Bergama Stream and Selcuk, Barbaros, Atmaca and Gazipasa quarters at the south of the Ber­gama Stream. work districts of two groups inventorying the north of the Bergama Stream and south of the Bergama Stream differs from one another in aspects of architecture and topography So­uth of the Bergama Stream has less inclined topography and dense with timber frame tra­ditional houses with large courtyards North of the Bergama Stream has an inclined topog­raphy and western influenced houses mi­xed construction system which stone walls attached to timber frame construction at ou­ter walls with a little courtyard at back or wit­hout a courtyard at all Houses have one or two storeys at both districts. Traditional market district fabric at the south of Bergama Stream has been fully inventoried in 2004 while inventory work of housing dis­tricts at the north of the Stream continued. In Bergama that is so rich in the aspect of cul­tural assets, the inventory workshop is aimed to have been completed by 2005. This workshop performed as a part of TUBA-TUKSEK Turkish Culture Inventory project has been supported by Municipality of Bergama, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and Turkish Academy of Sciences.

The role of the archeological and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration in UNESCO’s protected areas becomes more and more important for the natural and cultural heritage protection in the touristic cities with urban expansion. However, there is no clear methodological approach for the inclusion of these important natural and cultural heritage sites in the process of urban regeneration of the cities. The purpose of this study is to analyze how two contemporary urban planning tools, sustainable urban mobility plans and heritage impact assessments, contribute to the protection and sustainable use of archeological sites. The methodology that is used in this study is dual, theoretical, through literature review, and empirical, through the appliance of the case study method and expert observation and mapping of the most valuable archeological sites in Boka Bay. The results of this study show that practical usage of the two proposed tools in the process of urban regeneration could help in cultural and natural heritage protection and their inclusion as drivers of sustainable urban planning and cultural heritage management. The results of the study confirm the authors’ hypothesis that the role of the archeological sites in the process of urban regeneration is evident in the touristic cities in the coastal area of Montenegro, concluding that urban mobility principles and heritage impact assessment studies must be considered in the process of urban regeneration while at the same time cultural (archeological) heritage management is an integral part of this process.

As we approach the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century—at the moment when more people live in the cities than anywhere else—there comes a time to ponder on the role and the condition of urban cultural heritage. In times of growth, urbanization and rapid development, the city may be described as a modern battlefield of cultural heritage protection, often faced with the choice between protection and conservation, or destruction and redevelopment. This article seeks to analyse the means of protection of urban cultural heritage—a common, which is local (it takes a vital part in the creation of identity) and global (it is a part of a universal heritage) at the same time—in the international law, and to look into ways of its successful management. The first part of the article looks at the concept of the urban cultural heritage, and the second part examines the two main UNESCO conventions concerning cultural heritage protection, namely, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, to establish whether or not they are successful tools in protecting the urban cultural heritage. The third part focuses on analysing a new approach towards urban cultural heritage advocated by UNESCO, based on the 2011 recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), giving examples of its successful (Amsterdam, Ballarat, Cuenca) and unsuccessful application (Stockholm, Hong Kong, Macau). In the fourth part, the author suggests ways of effective governance of the urban cultural heritage in the twenty-first century, from the viewpoint of sustainable urban development, focusing on the role of cultural heritage in the city’s growth, and in the creation of identity and collective memories. The concluding part of the article seeks for an answer to the question of a need for a new UNESCO convention.

I. INTRODUCTION II. CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE: AN OVERVIEW A. Cultural Heritage B. Natural Heritages C. Nature Conservation Strategies Worldwide D. The Links Between Cultural and Natural Heritage E. Characteristics of Sites of Overlapping Cultural & Natural Heritage III. The Present and Future of Integrated Cultural & Natural Heritage Management A. Challenges Posed to Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage B. Existing Legal/Regulatory Efforts to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage 1. Developed Countries a. The United States b. The European Union (1) England (a) National Parks (b) Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (c) Conservation Areas (2) Dartmoor National Park (a) The Dartmoor Local Plan (b) Local Plan Aims (c) Local Plan Landscapes c. Canada 2. Developing Countries a. China b. Brazil IV. CONCLUSION A. Why Integrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection? B. Bridging Boundaries for Mutual Gain I. INTRODUCTION Formal legal efforts to protect cultural and natural heritage are not a modern phenomenon. In the developed and developing worlds, regional, state, and local governments undertake efforts to protect their cultural heritage and their natural resources. Most cultural and natural resource protection regimes, however, have evolved independently of one another. This is only recently beginning to change. As scholars, regulators, and activists increasingly recognize the links and overlap between areas of cultural and natural heritage, they are beginning to come together to develop new regimes for joint cultural and environmental protection. These early efforts jointly to protect cultural and natural heritage vary significantly in character and success. These variations reflect a still vague and evolving understanding of the interplay between culture and nature, the relationship between public and private land ownership, and significant regional differences in existing legal regimes, economic development, and environmental agendas. Further, there is currently very little comprehensive research examining global efforts to develop heritage protection areas that integrate both cultural and natural resource conservation. There is even less research analyzing how relationships between land ownership and social conceptions of culture and nature impact the development of future cultural and natural heritage programs. The goal of this paper is to contribute to and encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary approaches for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage areas. The second section of this paper examines traditional notions and regulatory regimes for cultural and natural heritage protection, and delves into the links between cultural and natural heritage. Section three analyzes existing cultural heritage and environmental/natural protection laws, and provides examples of joint cultural and natural heritage preservation efforts. In particular, section three considers how current and prospective joint cultural and natural heritage protection efforts in developed and developing countries contribute to the social and economic development of communities and regions, and advance the principles of sustainable development by strengthening the historical continuity of a place and its people, and by guiding development in ways consistent with the characteristics of these cultural and natural resources. Additionally, section three examines case studies in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, and China to demonstrate the challenges and critical elements integral to developing innovative and sustainable cultural and natural heritage preservation schemes. …

The Mediterranean Archaeological Network (MedArchNet http://medarchnet.org ) is a series of linked archaeological information nodes. Each node contains a regional database of archaeological sites, sharing a common database structure in order to facilitate rapid information retrieval and display within and across nodes in the network. On the world scene, archaeology produces major new sources of cultural heritage data and material remains that require innovative methods for study, interpretation and public presentation. To take advantage of the growing body of such data, the MedArchNet cyberinfrastructure provides a workable model for researchers from a wide range of fields dealing with cultural heritage to collaborate, discover and monitor resources. In an era of rapidly expanding population and urban development, a system like MedArchNet can provide mechanisms to monitor archaeological site conditions over time and lessen the impact on cultural heritage resources by careful planning, and can significantly enhance site preservation and development potential in the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, by uniting archaeological site metadata from many disparate datasets and organizations, the MedArchNet cyberinfrastructure dramatically improves the ability of researchers to ask large-scale, cross-regional questions of the archaeological data, providing fresh new insights into one of the most culturally meaningful areas on Earth.

China has a long history and rich cultural heritage, but the urbanization process poses an inevitable threat to the urban historical and cultural heritage. Protection and inheritance of urban historical and cultural heritage has become an urgent problem to be solved. This study aims to explore the current situation of the protection and inheritance of Chinese urban historical and cultural heritage in Xian as an example, and put forward corresponding countermeasures and measures. First, introduce the urban development history of Xian, in order to better understand the value and importance of its historical and cultural heritage. Subsequently, through the detailed analysis of the protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Xian in Xi an, the current existing problems and challenges are revealed. On this basis, a series of improvement strategies are proposed, including strengthening laws and regulations, strengthening cooperation and stakeholder participation, implementation of sustainable tourism management, promotion of education and public awareness, and application of innovative technologies in heritage protection. Through further research on the current status of urban historical and cultural heritage in Xian, this paper aims to provide experience and inspiration for the protection and inheritance of urban historical and cultural heritage in China. Only through effective protection and inheritance, we can integrate Chinas historical and cultural heritage into the development of modern cities, and add unique charm to the city, while retaining precious historical memories and leaving precious wealth for future generations.

Cities have continuously undergone change and transformation according to needs from their establishment to the present day. Each transformation phase has left traces on the city, layered over time to form urban archaeology and cultural heritage. Since the existence of humankind, curiosity about our origins and the past leads us to these remnants. While some cities preserve identities, others, particularly archaeological and protected sites, do not always achieve this. This study aims to analyse the multi-layered structure of the Hekatomnos archaeological site in Milas, Muğla, one of the oldest cities in the Caria region, and to examine participation examples in urban archaeological sites for their applicability. It further emphasises that urban archaeological sites constitute urban identity. The research analyses the potential and productivity of this site by examining local and international examples within the Caria region, which has high productivity in urban archaeology. In this context, the effects of presenting Hekatomnos’ multi-identity as a cultural route to the public will be observed. By examining examples of integrating archaeological sites into cities, specific parameters will be established to evaluate the site. This research will fill a gap in the literature on the Hekatomnos Mausoleum.

Urbanization is a relentless trend: while cities grow and expand, armed conflicts spill into urban areas, making cities the battlefields of our time. This has warranted the creation of new warfare tactics, which challenge the basic principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and cause devastating consequences to civilian population, hospitals, schools, infrastructures, and cultural heritage.After having secured a thorough definition of “urban warfare”, still lacking in international law, this paper will explore the legal and political consequences that this phenomenon entails, paying particular attention to the protection of urban cultural heritage.During urban warfare, cultural sites are often destroyed as specific military targets, especially by Armed Non-State Actors (i.e. Palmyra) or transformed into battlefields (i.e. Aleppo and the Damascus Citadels). Moreover, urban cultural heritage is increasingly suffering the reverberating effects of armed attacks, as shown in Sana’a, Mosul, Raqqa, Gaza, Sabratha, Lubumbashi and Donetsk.To contrast this scenario, a reassessment of local, national, and international regulations is required. The 1954 Hague Convention and its Protocols, together with the 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, oblige States to guarantee the protection of cultural heritage but lack any specific provision concerning urban warfare, where it is actually more threatened.Guaranteeing accountability for perpetrators of violations is also crucial. With reference to the destruction of mausoleums in Timbuktu in 2012, the International Criminal Court referred to armed attacks against urban cultural heritage as a war crime for the first time. No other judgments like this were made by the ICC though, regardless of the letter of intent signed with UNESCO (2018), still poorly implemented to date.This paper sets out to outline innovative and concrete solutions to guarantee the protection of urban cultural heritage, particularly through a better implementation and/or a revision of the relevant local, national, and international regulations. It will also explore effective ways to strengthen accountability mechanisms, thereby guaranteeing deterrent effects to future violations. Lastly, the role of international and regional organizations will be analyzed, with a view to propose pioneering practices, such as the establishment of a permanent annual forum for cooperation.

Due to the development of cities in modern China, improper protection of urban heritage has caused a lot of damage. Although the protection of urban heritage has been strengthened after the introduction of new regulations, in many cases due to improper operation or insufficient strength due to various reasons, the process of urban heritage protection is very difficult. Urban cultural heritage is also a unique feature of a certain area, which often attracts many foreign tourists. Therefore, the major merchants decided to develop their products based on the city's cultural heritage in order to attract more customers. From the standpoint of ordinary people, the citizen's perspective examines the purpose, process and results of urban heritage protection, respects the important position of citizens in urban heritage protection, fully considers the needs and feelings of the public, and tastes the public participation in the relevant links of heritage protection. Urban heritage protection from the perspective of citizens aims to integrate urban heritage into daily life, place emotional memories, maintain urban characteristics, and improve the quality of citizens. This article will discuss the protection of urban heritage by analyzing the public, to propose a commercial path for urban cultural heritage.

استفاده از فناوریهای نوین نمونه سازی در بازسازی بخش های مفقود سفالینه های باستان شناسی

Heritage conservation has been a growing phenomenon in urban regeneration initiatives in the recent decade, playing a key role in meeting Sustainable Development Goal 2030. Goal 11 aims to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. It highlights the association of the new urban agenda in the context of urban development and cultural heritage by “reinforcing efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage”, forming part of section 11.4. The conservation of heritage significance and cultural values requires exceptional attentiveness through its elements and attributes. The objective of this study is to devise a technique for evaluating the formation of the basis for determining and portraying the historical significance of characteristics with adequate precision to appraise the historical influence of Kuala Lumpur's urban renewal. (“Heritage significance and the identification of attributes to preserve the Sense of Places”) This is by providing a set of attributing variables to establish an ultimate benchmark for Kuala Lumpur’s urban heritage revitalisation performance and succession level.. More excellent socio-economic status and tourism would be the advantages holistically. The paper presents the findings on Attributes within the aspects of the Physical dimension, Senses dimension, and Functional dimension that have a holistic direct impact towards place attachment, place identity, and place memory, and its categorisation of rating significantly contributes to the preservation of Sense of Place. The result of the established Attributes framework is considered the basis for assessing and guiding design, which substantially supports designers to achieve two main pillars: Revitalise Heritage Enclave and demonstrate basic principles for any Heritage Enclave Design, Redevelopment, and Activation. A practical framework that includes an unobtrusive method of content analysis deployed as the primary method, developed through an analysis of content and evaluation of the recent developments of the heritage preservation discourse, and observation as a research method. The research concluded that altogether sense of places dimensions are essential in activating livability, and a sort of balance between the main dimensions. This can further be used as an assessment indicator for the future regeneration of Kuala Lumpur's urban heritage enclave and benefiting in conservation, eventually securing significant heritage place identity while continually sustaining its attraction. This article adopts a practical framework as a research method. The research concluded that dimensions in the realm of sense of places are essential in activating the heritage place, and finding the balance between the emerging dimensions. The more pragmatic strategies, the higher the sense of place to revitalise the heritage place should be.

Since the 21st century, the effective protection and rational use of urban cultural heritage have been the strategic development direction of urban construction under the background of the integration of culture and tourism all over the world. Moreover, today’s cultural heritage protection practice has undergone a “cognitive turn” from material protection to cultural protection. How can urban cultural heritage resist the dissolution of local cultural identities and vanished historical memories in the process of globalization? How can urban heritage be transformed successfully by using new media to add value in a digital context? Taking Lanzhou, a famous historical and cultural city as an example, this paper analyzes the practice cases of cultural heritage protection in the city from three dimensions: the shaping of the cultural identity of the urban heritage, the construction of the tourism space of the heritage site, and the sharing of cultural heritage in the digital age. The purpose is to clarify the development trend of “cultural memory space” has become cultural heritage protection practices, and to sort out the path and deep connotation of cultural memory space.

Possible policies and actions to protect the soil cultural and natural heritage of Europe

The purpose of this study is to highlight the conceptual and methodological approaches as well as practical experience in creating of an Atlas Information System of natural and cultural heritage of Ukraine (AIS PiKS) and to outline the directions of its long-term development. AIS PiKS means a problemoriented information system that provides an opportunity to store, systematize and analyze a large amount of accounting and statistical information that will present a modern and clear information picture of the state and trends of the development trends of objects and territories of the country's natural and cultural heritage and its regions, and present it with traditional and modern means of visualization; to assist the bodies of state administration in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of natural and cultural heritage, such as accounting, protection, conservation and use of its objects and territories etc. At the first stage of its development, AIS PiKS was reflected in the form of appropriate blocks of the electronic Atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage" (hereinafter – the Atlas). The development of the atlas was completed in 2020 by the Institute of Geography of NASU. Among the many scientific and applied tasks that were solved, the focus is on research of their thematic component, among them – the theoretical development of the component structure and content of AIS PiKS, development of conceptual and terminological apparatus, analysis, and visualization of various spatial and descriptive information. The formation of information database AIS PiKS was carried out in the presence of a huge number of potential mapping objects, inefficiently functioning state accounting system of PiKS objects and territories and the need to supplement existing lists with data on spatial localization of mapping objects, visualization of topographic location and necessary attributive (descriptive) information. The need to present a wide range of data from areas related to geography (primarily culture) required the search for new conceptual approaches, methodological solutions, and relevant information sources. As a result, the first in Ukraine specialized thematic maps of ethnocultural, religious and scientific and technical heritage were created, which is a scientific novelty of the Atlas. For the first time in Ukraine, сultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine has been developed at the macro level, thus starting to fill a gap of the absence of domestic developments of this kind. The map "Cultural-landscape zoning of Ukraine" became one of the key topics of the electronic atlas "Population of Ukraine and its natural and cultural heritage". The study identified proposals on the main directions of development and practical application of AIS PiKS. Besides actualization of data, they involves the development of the main ideas and areas of research planned in the Atlas, especially on complex electronic atlases, the deepening of the regional aspect of case studies of cultural and natural heritage through inclusion in the systems of national and regional strategy, spatial development planning, research on integrated study of territory, mapping and development of CLZ of cultural and natural heritage of regions and administrative districts, etc.

Perishing Heritage: