Beneficial Use of Scrap Tires for Retardation of Pesticide Movement in Golf Courses

Jae K Park,Changqing Ye

doi:10.4172/2475-7675.1000106

Abstract

For efficient bioethanol production from maize stover, fermentation of glucose and xylose both was attempted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis sequentially from enzymatic hydrolysate of mild alkali treated maize stover. Enzymatic saccharification of mild alkali treated maize stover at high substrate (30%) loading using 13.0 FPU/g commercial cellulase (MAPs 450) and 74.42 U/g crude β-xylosidase (Inhouse produced) after 36 h, yielded 161.32 mg ml-1 reducing sugars. Ethanol production was optimized employing response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions viz. 5% glucose, 14.55% inoculum and Time 35.51 h; 90.65% glucose was utilized and produced 18.93 g l-1 ethanol with 0.53 g l-1 h-1 productivity by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3524. Further attempts were made to produce ethanol from xylose present in enzymatic hydrolysate using Pichia stipitis NCIM 3497. However, xylose conversion was not satisfactory as only 71% xylose was utilized.

Highlights

In 2007, 303 million scrap tires were generated in the United States (US) [1]
The concentrations of metals leaching from tire chips were all below the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) [5] the concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded MCLs of the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation that is the guidance for nuisance chemicals especially at low pH [3,6,7]
From the statistical analysis of the properties of 51 pesticides, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There was a strong relationship between solubility and soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient, Koc, indicating that as the Koc value decreases the solubility increases

Summary

Introduction

In 2007, 303 million scrap tires were generated in the United States (US) [1]. Tire-derived fuel (TDF) accounts for 54% of the recovered tires, followed by ground rubber (17%) and civil engineering applications (12%) such as subgrade fill and embankment, backfill for walls and bridge abutments, subgrade insulation for roads, landfills, septic system drain fields, etc. Tire rubber was proposed to remove nitrate in fertilizer leaching from golf course putting greens [23]. Previous studies strongly indicate that tire rubber can be a good material for removing toxic contaminants while recycling scrap tires. Greater levels of safety and reliability could be achieved by implementing active pollutant-control measures In this sense, tire rubber may be used in golf courses to mitigate the release of pesticides and fertilizers to the surrounding environment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using tire chips and ground tires in tees, fairways, and greens in various methods and determine the optimum tire rubber thicknesses for removals of pesticides. Recommendations of best practices for the use of scrap tires in golf course construction are included

Fate and transport of pesticides applied to golf courses

Determination of tire rubber layer thickness for pesticide removal

Sulfur Additives

Practical applications

Findings

Conclusions and Recommendations