Abstract
Quantum state transfer (QST) provides a method to send arbitrary quantum states from one system to another. Such a concept is crucial for transmitting quantum information into the quantum memory, quantum processor, and quantum network. The standard benchmark of QST is the average fidelity between the prepared and received states. In this work, we provide a new benchmark which reveals the non-classicality of QST based on spatio-temporal steering (STS). More specifically, we show that the local-hidden-state (LHS) model in STS can be viewed as the classical strategy of state transfer. Therefore, we can quantify the non-classicality of QST process by measuring the spatio-temporal steerability. We then apply the spatio-temporal steerability measurement technique to benchmark quantum devices including the IBM quantum experience and QuTech quantum inspire under QST tasks. The experimental results show that the spatio-temporal steerability decreases as the circuit depth increases, and the reduction agrees with the noise model, which refers to the accumulation of errors during the QST process. Moreover, we provide a quantity to estimate the signaling effect which could result from gate errors or intrinsic non-Markovian effect of the devices.
Highlights
A reliable quantum state transfer (QST) from the sender to receiver is an important protocol for both quantum communication and scalable quantum computation [1,2]
The decrease agrees with the noise model, which describes the accumulation of noise during the QST process
We proposed a method based on spatiotemporal steering (STS) to quantify the nonclassicality of the QST process
Summary
A reliable quantum state transfer (QST) from the sender to receiver is an important protocol for both quantum communication and scalable quantum computation [1,2]. Similar to the analogy between Bell and Leggett-Garg (LG) inequalities [36,37,38,39], temporal steering [40,41,42] is proposed as the temporal analog of spatial steering Such a nonclassical temporal quantum correlation can be used to quantify the nonMarkovianity [43,44], witness quantum scrambling [45], and certify quantum key distribution [42]. We utilize the quantification of spatiotemporal steerability (or the QST nonclassicality) to benchmark noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices [54] including the IBM quantum experience [55] and QuTech quantum inspire [56]. The result before the maintenance violates the no-signaling in time condition [69,70,71,72,73], which is possibly due to the gate error and the non-Markovian effect in the devices [74,75,76]
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