Abstract
In recent years, bean common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) has caused serious yield losses in several countries. CBB is considered mainly a foliar disease in which symptoms initially appear as small water-soaked spots that then enlarge and become necrotic and usually bordered by a chlorotic zone. Xap epiphytic population community has a critical role in the development of the disease and subsequent epidemics. The epiphytic population of Xap in the field has two major parts; solitary cells (potentially planktonic) and biofilms which are sources for providing and refreshing the solitary cell components. Irrigation type has a significant effect on epiphytic population of Xap. The mean epiphytic population size in the field with an overhead sprinkler irrigation system is significantly higher than populations under furrow irrigation. A significant positive correlation between the epiphytic population size of Xap and disease severity has been reported in both the overhead irrigated (r=0.64) and the furrow irrigated (r= 0.44) fields.
Highlights
Pulse legumes are a very critical protein source in many developing countries
Several bacterial diseases infect common bean including common bacterial blight (CBB), halo blight, and bacterial brown spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, respectively
Up to 2007, large epidemics of the disease have frequently occurred in the province of Markazi leading to huge yield losses (Osdaghi et al 2010), and typically in large fields equipped with overhead sprinkler irrigation (Figure 1)
Summary
Pulse legumes are a very critical protein source in many developing countries. Among them, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is consumed worldwide as a main source of protein, in most Latin-American and African countries (Reynoso-Camacho et al 2006).Several bacterial diseases infect common bean including common bacterial blight (CBB), halo blight, and bacterial brown spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, respectively. Cell viability within biofilms and its role in providing inoculum The microbial epiphytic community of Xap needs to reach a threshold to be able to enter the leaves through natural openings like stomata or wounds and establish an endophytic population which leads to development of the disease (Beattie and Lindow 1999).
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