Abstract
Abstract Background: The article aims to present the state of research on the Battle of Kircholm (Salaspils), which took place in Livonia (now Latvia) on September 27, 1605., between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. 74% of Swedes were killed, and the winners lost only 3% of their forces. It was an absolute massacre carried out by an army consisting in two-thirds of cavalry against an enemy with an advantage in infantry and artillery, which in theory is more modern. Methodology: The author has analyzed the known and unknown historiography of sources, including archaeological, epistolary, historiographic, iconographic, narrative, and normative materials. He compared the results with previous literature on the subject. Principal Findings/Results: The analysis conducted showed a brilliant tactic by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s army, consisting of combining cavalry with infantry. This, along with many errors in command of the Swedish army, led to the downfall of the Scandinavians. Conclusions/Significances: The success at Kircholm saved the Polish-Lithuanian rule over the Daugava River. Unfortunately, it cemented Polish-Lithuanian nobility in the mistaken belief about the power of the army of the Republic, that without money and reforms, they began to lose advantage over opponents.
Highlights
Background: The article aims to present the state of research on the Battle of Kircholm (Salaspils), which took place in Livonia ( Latvia) on September 27, 1605., between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. 74% of Swedes were killed, and the winners lost only 3% of their forces
It was an absolute massacre carried out by an army consisting in two-thirds of cavalry against an enemy with an advantage in infantry and artillery, which in theory is more modern
In the afternoon hours of September 17/271, 1605, the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth annihilated the three times greater number of Swedish forces in the Battle of Kircholm (Salaspils) in Livonia, in what is Latvia. 74% of Swedes were killed with the winners loosing only 3% of their forces
Summary
In the afternoon hours of September 17/271, 1605, the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth annihilated the three times greater number of Swedish forces in the Battle of Kircholm (Salaspils) in Livonia, in what is Latvia. 74% of Swedes were killed with the winners loosing only 3% of their forces. 74% of Swedes were killed with the winners loosing only 3% of their forces. In the afternoon hours of September 17/271, 1605, the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth annihilated the three times greater number of Swedish forces in the Battle of Kircholm (Salaspils) in Livonia, in what is Latvia. It was an absolute massacre carried out by an army consisting of two-thirds of cavalry against an enemy with an advantage in infantry and artillery, which in theory is more modern. The article aims to answer the above questions and smaller ones, allowing us to understand better what happened in September 1605. We have many shortcomings and understatements in general circulation Another important goal of the article is to present new materials and confront the current research results
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