Abstract
AbstractCardiovascular disease continues to be one of the dominant causes of global mortality. One effective treatment is to utilize cardiovascular implantable devices (cIMDs) with multi‐functional cell sensing and monitoring features that have the potential to manipulate cardiovascular hyperplasia disorders as well as provide therapy. However, batteries with a fixed capacity entail high‐risk surgeries for battery‐replacement, which causes health hazards and imposes significant costs to patients. This review accesses comprehensive power solutions for cIMDs, from conventional batteries to state‐of‐the‐art energy harvesters and wireless power transfer (WPT) schemes. In particular, WPT has great potential to eliminate the percutaneous wires and overcome frequent battery removal. Here, the fundamentals, power transfer efficiency, antenna design and miniaturization, and operating frequencies in various WPT schemes are presented. Moreover, the power loss attenuation and bio‐safety standard (specific absorption rate) for implants are also considered in WPT design envelope. In addition, wireless data transmission of implantable devices from external to internal milieu (and vice versa) along with different modulation and demodulation techniques are investigated. The last advanced power solutions for cIMDs in in‐vivo and in vitro research are illustrated throughout. Finally, specifications and future potential of WPT systems in cIMDs are highlighted.
Highlights
(cIMDs), such as pacemakers, defibrildevices with multi-functional cell sensing and monitoring features that have the potential to manipulate cardiovascular hyperplasia disorders as well as provide therapy
Piezoelectric materials have been extensively explored to generate power from kinetic since the piezoelectric effect was first discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880,[66] which has a significant impact on the performance and applications of piezoelectric transducers
They used a corona discharge method to modify the surface of the nano-PTFE film to increase the surface charge density, and the Al foil was employed as the other triboelectric layer
Summary
To replace the battery and charge cardiovascular implants, but they are currently hindered by unstable power generation and percutaneous wires. CIMDs such as cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, ventricular assist devices, and novel smart stents have been pervasively regarded as promising treatments which are likely to bring positive and effective solutions to cardiovascular patients. 1.25 million pacemakers are implanted every year, with this number increasing every year.[8] The pacemaker is specially designed to help detect abnormal heartbeats and adjust them back to normal levels They can generate the electrical stimulus required to coordinate and restore the heart rhythm by mimicking the sinoatrial node (SAN).[9] Assisted by several components such as the pulse generator and an array of sensors like accelerometers, piezoelectric crystals and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors, the pacemaker can detect cardiac-relevant parameters (e.g., minute ventilation, peak endocardial acceleration, and respiratory changes), further regulating the heart rate when its workload exceeds the set threshold.[10]. More advanced reasons propose protein molecular sensors to detect the smooth muscle cells and clots in the vascular system, with the aim of overcoming in-stent restenosis from early detection[14] and even deliver appropriate drugs[15,16] In addition, such smart stents enable continuous monitoring and appropriate treatments like hyperthermia therapy[17] and drug delivery.[18]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
