Basal cell carcinoma: review of the literature on a case report

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the skin in humans, originating from the basal cells of the epidermis and its adnexa. It is characterized histologically by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that show similarity to normal basal cells. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered the main risk factor in its development, and sun-exposed skin, such as the face and upper extremities, is the most common location for the appearance of this disease. The clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma can vary, with different subtypes including nodular, superficial, sclerodermiform and pigmented, among others. Each of these subtypes exhibits distinctive clinical features, such as raised lesions with well-defined borders, flat plaques, fibrous or sclerotic appearance, pigmentation, and presence of ulcers. Variability in clinical appearance can make early and accurate diagnosis difficult, highlighting the importance of a thorough evaluation and consideration of biopsies to confirm the diagnosis. Although basal cell carcinoma tends to have slow local growth and low metastatic capacity, it can cause significant cosmetic and functional damage when it invades surrounding tissues. Therefore, prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications and limit disease progression. Complete surgical excision, using techniques such as Mohs surgery, is the primary approach in the management of basal cell carcinoma. In addition, additional therapeutic modalities such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy and topical application of chemotherapeutic agents may be considered in selected cases.