Abstract
We consider the baryogenesis picture in the Zee-Babu model. Our analysis shows that electroweak phase transition (EWPT) in the model is a first-order phase transition at the 100 GeV scale, its strength ranges from 1 to 4.15 and the masses of charged Higgs boson are smaller than 300 GeV. The EWPT is strengthened by only the new bosons and this strength is enhanced by arbitrary $\ensuremath{\xi}$ gauge. However, the $\ensuremath{\xi}$ gauge does not break the first-order EWPT or, in other words, the $\ensuremath{\xi}$ gauge is not the cause of the EWPT. This leads to the fact that the calculation of EWPT in Landau gauge is enough; and the latter may provide baryon-number violation (B-violation) necessary for baryogenesis in the relationship with nonequilibrium physics in the early universe.
Highlights
Physics, at present, has entered into a new period on the understanding of the early Universe
Our analysis shows that electroweak phase transition (EWPT) in the model is a first-order phase transition at the 100 GeV scale, its strength ranges from 1 to 4.15 and the masses of charged Higgs boson are smaller than 300 GeV
For the standard model (SM), the EWPT strength is larger than unity at the electroweak scale, the mass of the Higgs boson must be less than 125 GeV [2,4,5]; so the electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) requires new physics beyond the SM at the weak scale [6]
Summary
At present, has entered into a new period on the understanding of the early Universe. The electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG) is a way to explaining the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) in the early Universe, associating with Sakharov conditions, which are B, C, CP violations, and deviation from thermal equilibrium [1] These conditions can be satisfied when the EWPT must be a strongly first-order phase transition. For the SM, the EWPT strength is larger than unity at the electroweak scale, the mass of the Higgs boson must be less than 125 GeV [2,4,5]; so the EWBG requires new physics beyond the SM at the weak scale [6] Many extensions such as the two-Higgs-doublet model, the reduced minimal 3-3-1 model, the economical 3-3-1 model, or the minimal supersymmetric standard model, have a strongly first-order EWPT and the new sources of CP violation, which are necessary to account for the BAU; triggers for the first-order EWPT in these models are heavy bosons or dark matter candidates [7,8,9,10,11,16,17,18,20].
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