Baricitinib in COVID-19: a coming-of-age from artificial intelligence to reducing mortality

Abstract

Immunomodulatory therapies targeting excessive host immune responses,1Mehta P McAuley DF Brown M Sanchez E Tattersall RS Manson JJ COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression.Lancet. 2020; 395: 1033-1034Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5241) Google Scholar vaccination, and immunity from natural infection have changed the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has stymied progress towards ending the pandemic. An unmet need remains for accessible therapies that reduce mortality. In The Lancet, the RECOVERY Collaborative Group assessed the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, for the treatment of patients hospitalised with COVID-19, in the randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]).2RECOVERY Collaborative GroupBaricitinib in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial and updated meta-analysis.Lancet. 2022; 400: 359-368Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar The potential use of baricitinib in COVID-19 was first identified from an artificial-intelligence-enabled drug discovery algorithm.3Richardson P Griffin I Tucker C et al.Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease.Lancet. 2020; 395: e30-e31Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (849) Google Scholar Baricitinib can suppress multiple cytokine-signalling pathways simultaneously and impede viral propagation through inhibition of numb-associated kinases important for clarthrin-mediated endocytosis.4Stebbing J Phelan A Griffin I et al.COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments.Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 400-402Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (679) Google Scholar RECOVERY was conducted in the UK and 8156 patients (mean age 58·1 years, 66% male, 34% female, 80% White) were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus baricitinib or usual care alone (which included corticosteroids). Patients receiving baricitinib plus usual care had a significant reduction in the primary outcome of 28-day mortality. Of the patients randomly assigned, 514 (12%) of 4148 patients in the baricitinib group died compared with 546 (14%) of 4008 patients in the usual care group (age-adjusted rate ratio 0·87; 95% CI 0·77–0·99; p=0·028) with a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to prevent one additional death of 50. The authors did a meta-analysis of all nine completed randomised trials of JAK inhibitors for COVID-19 including the results of this study and found a proportional 20% reduction in mortality associated with JAK inhibitors. RECOVERY is the largest trial of baricitinib for COVID-19 and confirms the findings of previous studies thus validating the addition of this drug to the arsenal of COVID-19 therapies. The RECOVERY trial is an international trial but baricitinib was only evaluated in the UK and these findings might be less generalisable to populations with different demographics and higher prevalence of HIV and latent tuberculosis (<1% enrolled). Baricitinib is an oral agent and of lower cost in many countries compared with intravenous tocilizumab, which also confers a mortality benefit.5Group RC Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.Lancet. 2021; 397: 1637-1645Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (594) Google Scholar Baricitinib could be more accessible in lower-resourced settings, although its effects on non-COVID-19 infections in these countries needs better characterisation. The open-label design of RECOVERY has been criticised for risk of bias;6Selvaraj V Finn A Lal A et al.Baricitinib in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinMed. 2022; 49101489Google Scholar it is, however, unlikely to influence an unambiguous primary outcome of mortality. The adaptive design has yielded timely and invaluable results amid the challenges of doing practice-changing research during a pandemic. Meta-analyses of previous JAK inhibition trials in patients with COVID-19, as well as analyses restricted to baricitinib-only trials (n=4, including RECOVERY), strongly support targeting the JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) axis in COVID-19, although mechanistically the influence of JAK isoform selectivity is unclear. The mortality risk reduction with baricitinib in RECOVERY was smaller than anticipated, which is probably explained by a broader eligibility in RECOVERY compared with other studies of baricitinib for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (appendix), which all mandated hypoxaemia. COV-BARRIER showed a 5% absolute reduction in mortality at both day 28 and 60, NNT 20,7Marconi VC Ramanan AV de Bono S et al.Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2021; 9: 1407-1418Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar and included an entry requirement of evidence of inflammation, although had lower thresholds than the tocilizumab group of RECOVERY (hypoxaemia and C-reactive protein ≥75 mg/L).5Group RC Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.Lancet. 2021; 397: 1637-1645Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (594) Google Scholar Subgroup analyses in both ACTT-28Kalil AC Patterson TF Mehta AK et al.Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with COVID-19.N Engl J Med. 2021; 384: 795-807Crossref PubMed Scopus (665) Google Scholar and COV-BARRIER,7Marconi VC Ramanan AV de Bono S et al.Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2021; 9: 1407-1418Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar suggested greater benefit of baricitinib in more severe disease. WHO's living guidance recommends baricitinib for patients with severe or critical COVID-19 in combination with corticosteroids.9Kmietowicz Z COVID-19: WHO recommends baricitinib and sotrovimab to treat patients.BMJ. 2022; 376: o97Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar The precise positioning of baricitinib is unclear, but expanding choice stimulates questions regarding personalised immunomodulation regimens, incorporating side-effect profiles, routes of administration, cost, and patient comorbidities. The ACTT-4 trial did not show a difference in outcomes between the baricitinib and dexamethasone groups, although dexamethasone was associated with significantly more adverse events.10Wolfe CR Tomashek KM Patterson TF et al.Baricitinib versus dexamethasone for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (ACTT-4): a randomised, double-blind, double placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2022; (published online May 23.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00088-1Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar Available evidence is insufficient to suggest that baricitinib would routinely replace dexamethasone; however, it could be a viable steroid-sparing option in patients at high risk of glucocorticoid side-effects. In RECOVERY, 23% of patients in both groups received tocilizumab, yet the benefits of baricitinib were consistent irrespective of co-administration. Data are insufficient for further interpretation, but notably both agents might increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation (also applicable to concomitant corticosteroids), and cause pharmacodynamic C-reactive protein suppression. JAK inhibitors have a broader but shorter immunosuppressive effect than selective cytokine blockade (ie, in adults, 12-h half-life for baricitinib compared with 11–13 days for tocilizumab). Where there is a higher risk of secondary infections, baricitinib's broader immunosuppressive effect might be considered an advantage given the faster onset of action or a disadvantage with greater dampening of host defences. However, faster wash-out when discontinued is of undoubted value. Baricitinib can be dose-adjusted in renal impairment and delivered by nasogastric tube in patients who are ventilated. Further research is awaited to establish whether baricitinib might also have a role in other hyperinflammatory disorders of immune dysregulation, including sepsis and other viral epidemics (eg, dengue syndrome).11McBride A Mehta P Rivino L Ramanan AV Yacoub S Targeting hyperinflammation in infection: can we harness the COVID-19 therapeutics momentum to end the dengue drugs drought?.Lancet Microbe. 2021; 2: e277-e278Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar Safety data for baricitinib is reassuring, especially related to thrombotic events, probably owing to the limited treatment duration in patients with COVID-19 who are anticoagulated. This finding differs from chronic JAK inhibitor dosing in rheumatoid arthritis studies, where safety signals were detected.12Winthrop KL Cohen SB Oral surveillance and JAK inhibitor safety: the theory of relativity.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022; 18: 301-304Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar Guidelines do not recommend JAK inhibitors in pregancy13Sammaritano LR Bermas BL Chakravarty EE et al.2020 American college of rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020; 72: 529-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the half-life of baricitinib in children is substantially shorter than in adults, requiring dosing up to four times per day.14Kim H Brooks KM Tang CC et al.Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and proposed dosing of the oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor baricitinib in pediatric and young adult CANDLE and SAVI patients.Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 104: 364-373Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar Tocilizumab might be preferred in patients who are pregnant or paediatric, given greater clinical experience and convenient dosing respectively. From early days in artificial intelligence algorithms to pharmacogenomic predictions15Pairo-Castineira E Clohisey S Klaric L et al.Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19.Nature. 2021; 591: 92-98Crossref PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar we now have compelling efficacy and safety data for baricitinib in patients with COVID-19. Baricitinib's evolution is an exemplar of modern-day candidate selection, proof-of-concept testing, and drug repurposing, serving as a template for drug discovery—a powerful tool in future pandemic preparedness. PM is a Medical Research Council (MRC)-GlaxoSmithKline EMINENT clinical training fellow with project funding unrelated to the topic of this Comment and receives co-funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre. PM reports consultancy fees from SOBI, AbbVie, UCB, Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, and EUSA Pharma all unrelated to the topic of this Comment. BKT receives grant funding from Emory CFAR-P30AI050509 and consultancy fees from the non-profit organisation CRITICA, all unrelated to the topic discussed here. We thank Grant Schulert (Cincinnati Children's Hospital, USA) for his useful input on use of baricitinib in paediatric populations. Download .pdf (.3 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Baricitinib in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial and updated meta-analysisIn patients hospitalised with COVID-19, baricitinib significantly reduced the risk of death but the size of benefit was somewhat smaller than that suggested by previous trials. The total randomised evidence to date suggests that JAK inhibitors (chiefly baricitinib) reduce mortality in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 by about one-fifth. Full-Text PDF Open Access