Abstract
This study evaluated the biological activity of an ether extract and barbatic acid (BAR) from Cladia aggregata on embryos and adult mollusks of Biomphalaria glabrata, cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the microcrustacean Artemia salina. The ether extract and BAR were obtained by successive extractions with diethyl ether. The obtained extracts were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the ether extract exerted embryotoxic effects at 50 and 100 µg/mL and molluscicidal effects at 20 and 25 µg/mL. BAR exhibited no embryotoxicity, and its molluscicidal concentration was equal to that of the ether extract. However, after 60 min of exposure, 1 µg/mL BAR presented cercaricidal activity against the parasite S. mansoni at the second larval stage. Neither substance induced toxicity against A. salina. These results indicate the potential molluscicidal activities of the ether extract and BAR against B. glabrata and S. mansoni cercariae. In addition to these effects, there was a lack of toxicity against the aquatic environment and no damage to the biota, indicating the potential of these products for large-scale control and/or eradication of schistosomiasis.
Highlights
Human schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the Schistosoma genus, is one of the most prevalent and debilitating parasitoses among neglected tropical diseases
Et al [18] evaluated activity few Research correlating lichen substances and schistosomiasis vectors is still novel because few reports of potassium a pioneering study of thisIntype biologicalMartins activity and demonstrated that the reports on these usnate topics inhave been published
Our results demonstrate the efficacy of barbatic acid (BAR), which eliminated 100% of cercariae at a concentration of 1 μg/mL, the same concentration used for the niclosamide positive control
Summary
A parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the Schistosoma genus, is one of the most prevalent and debilitating parasitoses among neglected tropical diseases. In Brazil, the snail B. glabrata is the most important vector for schistosomiasis and is associated with high rates of disease infection and transmission. This species can be found in aquatic environments, Molecules 2017, 22, 568; doi:10.3390/molecules22040568 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Molecules 2017, 22, 568 where the snails spawn and release cercariae of S. mansoni (infective larval stage) [1,3], which are generally eradicated with synthetic chemicals, such as niclosamide, as recommended by the World. The costs associated with the application of niclosamide are high, and the snails can develop resistance to this synthetic molluscicide [6]. Natural products from plants and/or other organisms [7,8] could be considered promising sources of novel substances with molluscicidal activity
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