Abstract
BackgroundPeriodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of polymicrobial etiology that can lead to the destruction of bones and tissues that support the teeth. The management of chronic periodontitis (CP) relies heavily on elimination or at least control of known pathogenic consortia associated with the disease. Until now, microbial plaque obtained from the subgingival (SubG) sites has been the primary focus for bacterial community analysis using deep sequencing. In addition to the use of SubG plaque, here, we investigated whether plaque obtained from supragingival (SupG) and tongue dorsum sites can serve as alternatives for monitoring CP-associated bacterial biomarkers.ResultsUsing SubG, SupG, and tongue plaque DNA from 11 healthy and 13 diseased subjects, we sequenced V3 regions (approximately 200 bases) of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina sequencing. After quality filtering, approximately 4.1 million sequences were collapsed into operational taxonomic units (OTUs; sequence identity cutoff of >97%) that were classified to a total of 19 phyla spanning 114 genera. Bacterial community diversity and overall composition was not affected by health or disease, and multiresponse permutation procedure (MRPP) on Bray-Curtis distance measures only supported weakly distinct bacterial communities in SubG and tongue plaque depending on health or disease status (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, in SubG and tongue sites, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was increased significantly from health to disease and members of Synergistetes were found in higher abundance across all sites in disease. Taxa indicative of CP were identified in all three locations (for example, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Synergistes oral taxa 362 and 363).ConclusionsFor the first time, this study demonstrates that SupG and tongue dorsum plaque can serve as alternative sources for detecting and enumerating known and novel bacterial biomarkers of CP. This finding is clinically important because, in contrast with SubG sampling that requires trained professionals, obtaining plaque from SupG and tongue sites is convenient and minimally-invasive and offers a novel means to track CP-biomarker organisms during treatment outcome monitoring.
Highlights
Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of polymicrobial etiology that can lead to the destruction of bones and tissues that support the teeth
In this study, microbial communities associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) and periodontal health were characterized by examining plaque bacteria from SupG, SubG, and tongue sites, providing a comprehensive cross-sectional description of microbiota in the presence of CP and periodontal health
Because these disease indicators were present in high abundance in tongue plaque of individuals suffering from CP, we propose that tongue plaque may be used as an accessible, noninvasive source to collect plaque to quantify bacterial biomarkers to monitor treatment outcomes against CP over time
Summary
Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of polymicrobial etiology that can lead to the destruction of bones and tissues that support the teeth. Microbial plaque obtained from the subgingival (SubG) sites has been the primary focus for bacterial community analysis using deep sequencing. The microbial composition of the plaque biofilm has a critical role in oral health. A comprehensive and systematic profiling of the oral biofilm is necessary, to understand microbial associations with localized infections, and because the oral microbiome has long been known as a reservoir for infections at other body sites [8,9]. Bacterial species normally found in the oral cavity have been associated with distal infections in the lungs, heart, brain, and liver, either reflecting their involvement in opportunistic infections as a result of systemic changes in the body, or perhaps suggesting a causative link [8,10,11,12,13]. The plaque consortia can be a mirror and possibly even a monitor of oral and non-oral health and disease
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