Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinking.

E L Theunissen,K P C Kuypers,M De La Fuente Revenga,J Riba,S Barker,J G Ramaekers

doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4377-8

E L Theunissen, K P C Kuypers + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4377-8

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Abstract

IntroductionAyahuasca is a South American psychotropic plant tea traditionally used in Amazonian shamanism. The tea contains the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), plus β-carboline alkaloids with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties. Increasing evidence from anecdotal reports and open-label studies indicates that ayahuasca may have therapeutic effects in treatment of substance use disorders and depression. A recent study on the psychological effects of ayahuasca found that the tea reduces judgmental processing and inner reactivity, classic goals of mindfulness psychotherapy. Another psychological facet that could potentially be targeted by ayahuasca is creative divergent thinking. This mode of thinking can enhance and strengthen psychological flexibility by allowing individuals to generate new and effective cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies. The present study aimed to assess the potential effects of ayahuasca on creative thinking.MethodsWe visited two spiritual ayahuasca workshops and invited participants to conduct creativity tests before and during the acute effects of ayahuasca. In total, 26 participants consented. Creativity tests included the “pattern/line meanings test” (PLMT) and the “picture concept test” (PCT), both assessing divergent thinking and the latter also assessing convergent thinking.ResultsWhile no significant effects were found for the PLMT, ayahuasca intake significantly modified divergent and convergent thinking as measured by the PCT. While convergent thinking decreased after intake, divergent thinking increased.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking. They suggest that ayahuasca increases psychological flexibility, which may facilitate psychotherapeutic interventions and support clinical trial initiatives.

Highlights

Introduction Ayahuasca is a SouthAmerican psychotropic plant tea traditionally used in Amazonian shamanism
While no significant effects were found for the Pattern/Line Meanings task (PLMT), ayahuasca intake significantly modified divergent and convergent thinking as measured by the Picture Concept Task (PCT)
The present data indicate that ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking

Summary

Introduction

Introduction Ayahuasca is a SouthAmerican psychotropic plant tea traditionally used in Amazonian shamanism. A recent study on the psychological effects of ayahuasca found that the tea reduces judgmental processing and inner reactivity, classic goals of mindfulness psychotherapy Another psychological facet that could potentially be targeted by ayahuasca is creative divergent thinking. Ayahuasca is a South American psychotropic plant tea used around the world for curing, divination, and to get in contact with another supernatural dimension. It contains the serotonergic 2A receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors that render DMT orally active (McKenna 2004; Riba et al 2006; Schenberg et al 2015). A study into the long-term effects found no evidence for Psychopharmacology (2016) 233:3395–3403 detrimental effects on psychological or mental health, or cognitive abilities, in a 1-year follow-up study, compared to controls (Bouso et al 2015)

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