Abstract
Limited access to essential medicines (EMs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes is a major concern in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to generate data on availability, price and affordability of EMs for CVD and diabetes in India. Using WHO/HAI survey methodology, we evaluated availability and prices of 23 EMs in 30 public sector facilities (government hospitals and semi-public/government-subsidised-discount-pharmacies (GSDPs)) and 60 private retail pharmacies across six districts in Kerala state, India (November 2018 - May 2019). Median Price Ratios (MPRs) were calculated by comparing consumer prices with international reference prices. We also analysed data (collected in July 2020) on six anti-hypertensive fixed-dose-combinations (FDCs) that were designated as 'essential' by the WHO in 2019. Mean availability of surveyed generic EMs was 45.7% in government hospitals, 64.7% in GSDPs and 72.0% in private retail pharmacies. On average, the most-sold and highest-priced generics, respectively, were 6.6% and 8.9% costlier than the lowest-priced generics (LPG). Median MPR for LPG was 2.71 in private retail and 2.25 in GSDPs. Monthly supply of LPG would cost the lowest-paid worker 1.11 and 0.79days' wages in private retail and GSDPs, respectively. Mean availability of the surveyed FDCs was poor (private retail: 15-85%; GSDPs: 8.3-66.7%), and the private retail prices of FDCs were comparable to the sum of corresponding constituent monotherapies. Availability of CVD and diabetes EMs fall short of WHO's 80% target in both sectors. Although availability in the private retail pharmacies was near-optimal, prices appear unaffordable compared to GSDPs. Initiatives such as mandating generic prescribing, adding the WHO-approved FDCs in local EM lists, improving price transparency, and streamlining medicine supply to ensure equitable access to EMs, especially in the public sector, are crucial in tackling Kerala's ever-increasing CVD burden.
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