Abstract
Background: Essential medicines for children are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of children. Access to essential medicines for children is a big challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Our study aimed to assess the accessibility of essential medicines for children in public sector in Sichuan Province of China, based on availability, affordability, and price. Methods: We adopted the modified World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) standardization methodology to measure the availability, affordability, and prices of 30 essential medicines for children in 20 public hospitals in nine regions of the Sichuan Province, China. Availability was expressed as the percentage of public medicine outlets that stocked surveyed medicines on the day of data collection, and prices were expressed as median price ratio (MPR). Affordability was assessed as the number of Sichuan Province’s daily wages required for the lowest-paid government unskilled worker (11.03 USD per day) to purchase one standard treatment of an acute disease or treatment for chronic disease for a month. Results: The mean availability of originator brands (OBs) and lowest priced generics (LPGs) were 9.7 and 46.5% in public sector. MPRs of only 3 OBs could be calculated, ranging from 0.55 to 13.37. MPRs of 18 LPGs ranged from 0.07 to 25.05. Among them, 2 OBs and 11 LPGs were priced at more than 1.5 times their international reference prices (IRPs) in public sector, most of which were injections. Except for cefazolin injection and ceftriaxone injection, most LPGs were affordable for the treatment of childhood diseases in public sector, as they each cost one or less than the daily wage for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker. Conclusions: Although the availability of LPGs for children was higher than OBs in public sector, the availability of children’s essential medicines was low in surveyed public sector in Sichuan Province, which was similar to previous studies in other provinces of China. The price of most medicines surveyed was higher than their IRPs in surveyed public sector, especially for some injections. The affordability of most surveyed LPGs was reasonable in surveyed public sector, except for ceftriaxone injection and cefazolin injection.
Highlights
Access to health care is a fundamental human right, and the provision of affordable, high-quality, and appropriate medicines for children is a vital part of a well-functioning health system (Zhang et al, 2017)
The results have shown that the availability of essential medicines for children is generally low in low-income and middle-income countries, the median price ratios of originator brands was higher than that of lowest-priced generics, and the most lowest-priced generics had better affordability (Chen et al, 2021)
Availability of 7 originator brand (OB) were less than 50.0%, 3 OBs were between 50.0 and 80.0%, and no OB was found in more than 80.0% of public medicine outlets
Summary
Access to health care is a fundamental human right, and the provision of affordable, high-quality, and appropriate medicines for children is a vital part of a well-functioning health system (Zhang et al, 2017). To improve access to essential medicines for children and ensure that children’s basic medication needs can be met, the WHO has developed and revised seven editions of Essential Medicine Lists For Children since 2007 (World Health Organization, 2019). The majority of studies used the WHO/HAI standardized methodology (World Health Organization and Health Action International, 2008), which was jointly developed by WHO and HAI in 2000 for standardizing studies on the accessibility of medicines. This ensured the quality of studies, and made the study results in different regions comparable. Our study aimed to assess the accessibility of essential medicines for children in public sector in Sichuan Province of China, based on availability, affordability, and price
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