Automotive Digital Earth: Big Data, Insurance

The article is devoted to the implementation of Big Data technology in the auto industry and insurance. The article substantiates the need to use this technology in the context of rapidly growing volumes of information, describes the role of big data in modern life and predicts its use in the concept of the future development of the Digital Earth. The current level of Big Data usage in the automotive sector in Russia and around the world is considered. The §author describes the main areas of application of Big Data, such as car insurance using telematics devices, navigation, improving the production process of cars in terms of identifying and eliminating system flaws that are detected during operation, as well as about the growing popularity and at the same time causing heated controversy of the technology of unmanned driving. Statistical data on the number of self-driving cars in countries, the level of their introduction into everyday life, and people's readiness for a new stage of transport development are presented. Separately, the author raises the question of the legal regulation of Big Data, which at this stage is in its infancy and requires careful study, identifies current legal problems that arise in the process of implementing this technology. As a solution to the problem, a number of measures are proposed to fill the existing gap and establish compliance with the rule of law and common principles for the use and protection of Big data.

With the improvement of people's quality of life, the number of cars in China is gradually increasing, and the auto insurance industry is developing rapidly and is an important part of property insurance. However, China's auto insurance market is still far from the international level in terms of accuracy rating determination: the international mature insurance market generally adopts the car-based pricing model, and the development of this model in China is relatively backward. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) are commonly used to predict the intensity of auto insurance, but they require high data requirements and insufficient samples, which may lead to unreliable parameter estimates. In this paper, the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) can improve the limitations of GLM and perform better on various distribution parameters. In addition, China currently focuses on the purchase price of new cars as the main rating determination factor, which fails to match the differences of different claims caused by the crashworthiness and maintenance economy of the car itself with the motor vehicle premiums. In order to fill the gap in this area in China, this paper will introduce the results of crashworthiness and economic maintenance of China Insurance Automotive Safety Index (C-IASI). And machine learning-random forest and PAM are used to reduce the dimensionality of the independent variables to obtain the composite variables, after which the fitting effects of GLM and GAMLSS with the addition of machine learning factors are compared. In this paper, we use measurement results of C-IASI, multi-parameter GAMLSS, random forest and PAM to increase the accuracy of auto insurance pricing.

Intrafamily decision making relative to auto insurance purchasing was examined for a U.S. sample of 1,327 families. The husband was found to be primarily responsible for making two of the more important auto insurance decisions company selection and premium payment. The wife's involvement in these decisions was found to be contingent on her contribution to the family's financial resources. A high degree of consistency was found between the family member making these two decisions. Consistency was also observed between the attitudinal measures of decision responsibility and behavioral surrogates of decision making involvement. Consideration of both family members in developing advertising and personal selling strategies in the auto insurance industry are suggested and implications for further research are discussed. Much of the literature on household purchasing behavior in insurance has sought to identify correlates of consumption or expenditures. This research has associated insurance purchasing behavior with various demographic and socioeconomic variables [ 1, 3, 10] . Household characteristics such as income, number of children, age, and total assets were found to be significant explanatory variables when associated with insurance premium expenditures and the amount of insurance purchased. Comparatively less research has dealt with intrahousehold interaction in the purchase of insurance. The differential influence of the husband and wife however, has been noted in several studies. In one insurance study, presence of the wife at the sales interview was associated with a considerably higher rate of sales [13]. In another study, it was found that the family was less likely to purchase life insurance if the husband and wife discussed the insurance purchase without the agent present [16]. While these studies dealt with household purchasing behavior for life insurance, only limited research has been conducted on husband-wife interaction in purchasing auto insurance [6, 17]. Auto insurance, however, has become a major household expenditure with a recent survey [2] showing that almost half of the insurance consumers pay in excess of $300 annually for auto insurance. During 1976, consumers paid almost $24 billion in auto insurance premiums. In addition, while life insurance is usually an optional purchase, auto insurance in a majority of states is one of the principal methods of satisfying state financial responsibility laws when operating a motor vehicle, while in several other states purchase of auto insurance is compulsory. These factors indicate the need to study the purchase of auto insurance and in particular the involvement of family members during purchase and renewal. Terry L. Childers is in the University of Wisconsin graduate school and 0. C. Ferrell is in the Department of Marketing and Management of Illinois State University.

This study addresses one aspect of the issue regarding the allocation of losses to territorial rating groups. Specifically, the study refutes the proposal that losses should be allocated to a rating group on the basis of its drivers' contribution to congestion and accident frequency rather than the usual method of allocation on the basis of the group's actual loss experience. Further, some of the complexities and inherent errors of a system that allocates losses on the basis of contribution to congestion are explored. In conducting the study, claim data are used in conjunction with two traffic congestion/accident frequency models. Highly congested urban areas generally have larger auto insurance losses per insured than their less congested suburban counterparts. Auto insurance premiums tend to reflect this differential loss pattern by pairing higher priced rating territories with higher loss urban areas. Some critics of the auto insurance industry (notably former Commissioner Stone of Massachusetts) have contended that such pricing is unfair to urban dwellers [ 1]. They have supported their contentions by arguing that accident frequency is affected by congestion and that increased congestion is caused by nonurban drivers commuting into urban areas. The auto insurance industry response to the criticism has been that the pricing mechanism already accounts for the involvement of nonurban drivers in urban accidents. The mechanism which assigns losses to the garaging location of the at-fault vehicles charges nonurban drivers for those accidents they cause in the urban area. This procedure allegedly fails to account adequately for the effect of increased congestion within urban areas. For example, even if two urban drivers collide, the critics contend that the fault (causative factor) is the increased traffic density created by an influx of nonurban cars. The congestion (density) argument has proven to be a difficult criticism for the auto insurance industry to refute using traditional approaches. Moreover, two studies seemingly corroborated the argument [2 and 3]. The study Mark D. Brissman is an Assistant Research Administrator in the Research Department of State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company. He holds B.S. degrees in Mathematics and Biology and an M.S. in Industrial Administration from Purdue University. Mr. Brissman also holds the CPCU designation. The author is indebted to the editor of the Journal, two anonymous Journal referees, and the author's professional colleagues for their assistance in this project.

The study intended to investigate the factors that affect the total quality management (TQM) process in the 1,800 firm Thai auto parts industry. Automotive parts export shipments from Thailand are ranked 13th globally and are destined for over 100 countries, with Thailand’s combined automotive industry representing 12% of GDP. Therefore, with the authors understanding the importance of this economic sector, a research tool was developed, which contained a five-level scale to investigate 455 auto parts managers, executives, and owners’ opinions. Topics surveyed included the respondents’ opinions on the effects of knowledge management (KNG), product quality (QLY), strategic planning (STY), and technology and innovation (TIN) on the Thai auto part industry TQM process. The study’s eight hypotheses made use LISREL 9.1 software to analyze the final structural equation model (SEM). Results showed that all the model's variables had a positive influence on TQM, which can be combined to explain the variance of the factors affecting TQM (R2) by 78%. Additionally, the variables affecting TQM ranked in importance were STY, KNG, QLY, and TIN. Disruptive change has also arrived within the automotive sector, as Industry 4.0 technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) are being used in the development of a new generation of autonomous and electric vehicles (EVs), making many current manufacturers' technologies and processes obsolete. Therefore, management and vendors must embrace these changes for their survival. The study's results highlight the necessity for international firms to embrace innovation and technological change to retain a competitive advantage or even their survival. Governments and educational institutions must also go the ‘extra mile' to support their domestic automotive and auto parts sectors.

The advancement in technology has exceeded beyond our capability to maintain privacy in everyday life. No doubt technology helps us get the task done quicker and more conveniently. Yet it has intruded our life to great extent. Recently, several car companies and insurance companies have come up with Motor Vehicle Monitoring Systems. For example, Progressive car insurance has introduce a Snapshot device that claims to be useful for determining the cost of insurance and give discount to customers based on vehicle operational characteristics and driver behavior. The finding regarding the features of this device reveals that that big brother can track every aspect of life associated with driving a car.

Concerns about anti-competitive effects of proprietary data collection have motivated recent European data portability laws. We investigate such concerns and search for evidence of direct benefits of data collection in the context of Pay How You Drive (PHYD) auto insurance, which offers tailored discounts to drivers monitored by telematics devices. We exploit the staggered entry of PHYD insurance across states and insurers in a difference-in-differences framework, and we replicate the main findings using state insurance regulations as instruments for entry timing. We find a meaningful impact of PHYD programs on fatal accidents, but we find no evidence of antitrust concerns.

Achievements in the rule of law are the very backbone of the EU accession process. Over the past decade, the rule of law has come into the focus of EU internal policies. Rule of law in the EU is no longer an abstract duty but has gained considerable substance. This claim can be supported by the noted multiplication of various mechanisms and instruments to promote and uphold the rule of law within the EU. This renders the fluid concept of the rule of law an even harder-to-pinpoint, moving target for candidate countries. What is more, in the very context of the EU accession process, the methodology of reporting on rule of law achievements in candidate countries has been changing over the years, without ever being explicitly explained. The number and diversity of mechanisms the EU uses to monitor the state of facts related to the rule of law in its member states, the similarities but also notable differences compared to the indicators used to monitor the progress of candidate countries and the different sources the EU utilizes in these exercises complicates mutual comparisons and the setting of clear long-term goals in the accession process. At the same time, there still seems to be a threat of the candidate countries perceiving rule of law reforms as measurable goals to be achieved rather than internalizing them as a continuous aspiration towards the rule of law. The recent discussions related to the rule of law within the EU are mostly focused on the functioning of the judiciary, in this paper, the authors limit their analysis to the state of facts in Serbia in the field of judiciary. More specifically, the authors use selected aspects of judicial efficiency and quality of the judiciary as paradigmatic examples, supported by clear statistical data, to illustrate the achievements of Serbia in the field of the rule of law, through a comparison with relevant results of EU member states. The authors open their analysis with an overview of the complex set of tools and instruments used to monitor the rule of law in EU member states. This is done to illustrate the continually moving target of the EU acquis related to the rule of law. The authors then point to the methodological challenges found when trying to compare various available datasets and analyses related to the judiciary in Serbia as a candidate country. The authors then present and analyse statistical data illustrating the current state of facts in the Serbian judiciary, relying on selected indicators of efficiency and quality. They conclude that, despite some progress being made over the past years, Serbia still lags behind those EU member states that demonstrate the best results. The judicial system in Serbia is still a system where resources are not optimally distributed and where judicial proceedings are lengthy. The authors conclude that even precisely formulated interim benchmarks related to the judiciary fail to provide sufficient incentive for more meaningful and durable achievements. The authors suggest that a systemic comparison of the efficiency and quality of the Serbian judicial system with that of best-performing EU member states rather than with other candidate countries could provide a new impetus for systemic reforms and reinvigorate the accession efforts.

Plastics have transformed the automotive industry, contributing substantially to automobile design, weight reduction, fuel efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This review paper examines the applications of plastics in the automotive sector, evaluates the present trends, and describes the future plastic consumption possibilities, emphasizing emerging technology and sustainable practices. The paper delineates how plastics have become an essential component of automotive innovation and illustrates the possibilities for additional breakthroughs in this dynamic industry.Highlights Advances in plastics, bioplastics, and smart materials in the auto industry. Plastic role in design, safety, and sustainability in the auto industry. Recycling and the circular economy of plastics in the auto industry. Collaboration of stakeholders to drive change in the auto industry.

Purpose - Korea and China have a very competitive structure in the automobile market. Therefore, this study examines the current status of the automobile market in Korea and China and the size of trade, and analyzes the international competitiveness of the auto parts industry. This is not an automobile itself but a comparative analysis of the automobile parts industry that can bring about various ripple effects. Research design, data, and methodology - The statistical data were used by Korea and China Automobile Industry Association. The statistical data related to automobile parts were extracted from the data of UN comtrade s trade statistics from 2006 to 2015 for 10 years considering the consistency of statistics. This data was extracted by the HS 2002 version because it was extracted from the 2005 statistical data. From the extracted trade statistics data, Korea s and China s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) were calculated and analyzed for international competitiveness and suggested implications. Results - The gist of research result is as follows. Conclusions - China s auto parts industry shows that technology-intensive and high value-added items are not competitive, exports are considered to be less profitable. Therefore, Chinese parts companies need to enhance the competitiveness of automobile parts by strengthening their own development capability, cultivating their own technology development talents, and establishing a technical standard system for the auto parts industry. On the other hand, the Korean auto parts industry should keep in mind that competitiveness index is gradually improving little by little. As a result, the Korean auto parts industry needs to concentrate on developing high value-added automotive parts. The main requirement for exports to China is not price competitiveness, but technology through differentiation. In order to enter the Chinese auto parts market in a short period of time, it is effective to cooperate with local auto parts companies of different kinds. In addition, Korean auto parts makers are experiencing difficulties in overseas car parts makers, such as lack of full-time overseas workforce and manpower management, and it is necessary to acquire and cultivate global talent to solve this problem. Also, it is necessary to support the government to invest in basic research and development related to automobile parts and to provide policy support to enhance R & D capability

The article advocates the idea of defining customary law in the context of differentiating the forms of law-making and its functions by means of distinguishing between public and private law. Functions of law as a regulator of public relations have the effect of creating two forms of law - customary law as an implementation of a static function of law and legislation as an implementation of a dynamic function of law. Historical and comparative legal methods of the law study show that, in the sphere of private law law-making powers of the State were limited and were motivated by the prohibition to go beyond the boundaries of social freedom determined by the society itself. Legislative functions in this sphere were limited to the State fixing only those norms that reflected the public relations developed in practice. When characteristics are compared, uncertainty of a rule of customary law concerning time is revealed. Such uncertainty is the result of a contradiction inherent to law in general that is resolved by means of the complex of special rules and techniques, i.e. legal methodology, that predetermines the legal systems diversity. Contradictions between the old and the new in Anglo-Saxon law are resolved by a judicial precedent, in Romano-German law they are resolved by codification, and in Islamic Law by kiyas (analogy-based rules). The fundamental difference between the rule of the law and the rule of common law amounts to differences in implementation of different rules in the legal conduct of an individual. The rule of law, being implemented in the conduct of a particular actor in public relations, acts as a visual illustration. In turn, for other actors of public relations, this act of implementation will be an example of an implemented legal norm, carries information of a dual nature: firstly, concerning the content of the law and, secondly, its evaluation, whether it is legitimate or illegitimate. In everyday life, people are most often guided by an example of lawful behavior, and they turn to a written instrument only if there is no any obvious example of the legal rule implementation, whereas a legislative norm is purely an abstract model.

In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the business scope of auto insurance, the crime of auto insurance fraud is becoming frequent. The establishment of auto insurance fraud detection model has become an important measure to ensure the stable development of auto insurance industry. This paper builds an auto insurance fraud detection model based on Logistic-SVM, which could solve the problem that the original model needs lots of variables. Firstly, the importance of characteristic variables is sorted by SVM model, and ten characteristic variables are selected according to the objective reality. By comparing with the traditional single logistic regression and SVM algorithm, it is found that the Logistic-SVM algorithm has a better detection effect on auto insurance fraud. The accuracy of Logistic-SVM is 96.1%, which is 2% higher than that of logistic-regression and 0.7% higher than that of SVM. The research of this paper could not only improve the practicability of machine learning model in the field of auto insurance fraud detection, but also escort the prosperity and development of auto insurance industry.

The rule of law is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as the authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behaviour, hence the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes. The term rule of law is closely related to constitutionalism and refers to a political situation, not to any specific legal rule. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. However, the principle, if not the phrase itself, was recognized by ancient thinkers. Aristotle wrote: It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens. This Research topic defines, the rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law, including people who are lawmakers, law enforcement officials and judges. In this sense, it stands in contrast to tyranny or oligarchy, where the rulers are held above the law. This Research paper emphasis, Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and monarchies, when there is neglect or ignorance of the law. The rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. The clearest way to show what the rule of law means to us in everyday life is to recall what has happened when there is no rule of law. - Dwight D. Eisenhower The bedrock of our democracy is the rule of law and that means we have to have an independent judiciary, judges who can make decisions independent of the political winds that are blowing. - Caroline Kennedy

The Quest for Information Privacy in Africa

Rule of law, human rights, freedoms, and security; are the three main pillars to the new trend of global developments, especially in the development of democratic values, where the protection of individual freedoms is among the fundamental principles that have data protection as the center point. In the years 2015-2016 we have seen the major cases of confrontation regarding the wiretapping to that point as the intervention even in the system of the "US election campaign by the Russian hackers", then sending of Macedonia to the "early elections, due to the extraction and publication of wiretaps by Zaev", the review of the "Safe Harbor" Agreement, of the EU and the US regarding the transfer of personal data during free "transatlantic" trade among EU and USA, etc. In this time of globalization, and developments of major movements is been said: "no home", "no time", "no limit", by digitized devices and social networks, privacy of the individual is excessively violated through abuse of personal data, personal security is violated and security of the systems vital to society. Therefore, this way, the national security of a country is been violated and endangered as well. Therefore, the development of institutions for protection of personal data, their independence and empowerment are of particular importance due to the vital interests of the country; where security, justice and freedom have a leading role in the development of a free and democratic society, where the individual human rights and freedoms, have a main place in modern developments of our time, in the society with the rule of law and the diversity of values. Freedoms and human rights, data and privacy protection; according to the European Convention of freedoms and human rights and the 108 Convention of the protection of personal data in automated processing, even though Kosovo has still not signed them. These rights are guaranteed by the constitution. On May 26, 2018 New Rules for the Protection of Personal Data of the EC and the European Union, will be no binding power for all EU countries. The entire legal measures of protection of personal data of the new Rules of PPD, should be forwarded to legislation interior PPD of EU member states and the EC and those who are already signatories to Convention 108 of PPD during the automatic processing of personal data. Among other things, we will give our assessments in question, where Kosovo really stands in this direction, with its commitment and aspirations for integration into European institutions and mechanisms.