Automatic multicommuted flow-batch setup for photometric determination of mercury in drinking water at ppb level

Abstract

Herein, a multicommuted flow-batch setup and a photometric procedure for the determination of mercury at the ppb level in aqueous samples are described. The setup was designed to implement a versatile solvent extraction and pre-concentration strategy by combining flow-batch and multicommuted flow analysis approaches. The photometric method was based on Hg(II) reaction with dithizone in a chloroform medium, which was also used as the extracting organic solvent. The flow analysis system was composed of a homemade syringe pump module, a set of solenoid valves, two Aquarius mini-pumps, and a flow-batch chamber. The homemade photometer was comprised of a light emitting diode (LED), photodiode, and homemade flow cell (50 mm length). The flow system and photometer were controlled using an Arduino Due board, running custom-written software. After optimizing the operational conditions, the effectiveness of the developed system was evaluated for the determination of the mercury concentration in drinking water. For accuracy assessment, samples were analyzed using a spiking methodology and an independent method, yielding a recovery ranging from 92% to 108%. Other important characteristics of the proposed method were found as follows: linear response range, 0.5–10.0 μg L−1 (r = 0.9984); limit of detection 0.38 μg L−1 Hg(II); consumption of dithizone and chloroform, 1.85 μg L−1 and 0.8 mL per analysis, respectively; coefficient of variation, 2% (n = 10); sampling throughput, 20 determinations per h.