Abstract
Cadastral map environment is directed, more than ever before, towards Artificial Intelligence use to produce fast and accurate maps and keep up with the huge population growth. The traditional approach currently in production of maps is expensive and effort-intensive in addition to be considered as highly time-consuming process. UAV-based cadastral mapping imagery that use automatic techniques are newly being exploited to accelerate the process of production or updating. The state-of-the-art intelligent algorithms are capable to extract land boundaries from images better than conventional techniques. This paper presents an automatic workflow of cadastral map production based on land boundary and automatic feature extraction from UAV-based imageries. The developed workflow involved four steps: (i) Flight planning and Ground Control Points (GCPs) observation, (ii) image pre-processing, (iii) image segmentation (iv) boundary detection and extraction (classification), (v) postprocessing, and (vi) accuracy assessment. The study area includes geometrical and affect spectral reflectivity (slums) covered by 206 images those captured using a quad-rotary UAV (DJI Phantom 4 pro). The mosaic image of the Area of Interest (AOI) was produced by following Structure from Motion /Multi-view Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry which covers 0.592 km2 ground area using pix4DMapper software. The Multi-Resolution Segmentation (MRS) algorithm was applied for object generation and later both spectral and geometrical information (area, brightness, border and the normalized digital surface model NDSM)) utilised to extract the boundaries by Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) rule-based expert systems in eCognition software. The most exciting challenge in this AOI was buildings separation depending on number of buildings using the QGIS software. The accuracy assessment of the obtained results showed that 88% of the extracted boundaries were correct following automatic extraction routine when compared to manual digitizing. This approach can highly compensate time, efforts, and low accuracy outcomes from traditional surveying and manual registration approaches applied in Iraqi institutes nowadays. The presented approach can definitely help to speed up map production phase and keep pace up with population expansion and modern technologies.
Highlights
Today about 75% of the land around the world is not registered or notarized in an official legal cadastral registry as most are located in developing countries [1]
Production of cadastral maps was established by traditional methods, where the ground survey is applied by taking measurements on the ground in direct contact with the target and using old survey tools such as tape measures
A solid Cadastre system is an important part of securing property rights and economic development and urban planning for the country, as financial and human capabilities represent an important role in establishing this system [7]
Summary
Today about 75% of the land around the world is not registered or notarized in an official legal cadastral registry as most are located in developing countries [1]. About 90 countries do not have a land registration system and about 50 countries are already in the process of establishing these systems [2] This increase in occupation of insecure lands and occurrence of conflicts is due to the low percentage use of modern map production techniques and only relying of traditional old survey techniques which cost time, efforts and high budget. This sample was selected because it provides a comprehensive overview of the spread slum (or unauthorized) areas in the country that were established as a result of converting agricultural lands to residential without official approvals This challenge has faced any maps updating projects since the expansion of illegal residential properties have increased dramatically after 2003 in overall Iraq. The new illegal extracted residential area is usually similar in build material (rooftops, roads and streets is dirt), which generated a spectral complexity from a cadastral perspective and represents a major challenge for cadastral map production
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