Abstract
In recent years, LMD has risen in volume and complexity, prompting innovations in robotics technologies proposing ADRs as a viable solution. This research develops a VRP to assess how the maximum driving range and the number of compartments of ADRs, impacts LMD costs per unit in urban areas. The findings show that fewer compartments or a lower range for the ADRs decrease LMD cost per unit. The methodology and models developed can be used by logistics companies to make purchasing decisions for their delivery fleet or as a tool to simulate LMD costs when varying vehicle characteristics.
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