Abstract
The human enteric microbiome is highly complex and has more than 150 times more genes within it than its host. The host and the microbiome have a commensurate relationship that can evolve over time. The typically symbiotic relationship between the two can become pathogenic. The microbiome composition in adults reflects their history of exposure to bacteria and environmental factors during early life, their genetic background, age, interactions with the immune system, geographical location, and, most especially, their diet. Similarly, these factors are thought to contribute to the development of autoimmune disease. It is possible that alterations in the intestinal microbiome could lead to liver disease. There is emerging data for the contribution of the microbiome in development of primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis; liver disorders associated with aberrant immune function in genetically susceptible individuals.
Highlights
The human enteric microbiome is made up of approximately 2–5 × 1012 bacteria per gram of fecal matter [1]
Antibiotic use is known to lead to changes within the enteric microbiome, which can predispose to the development of infections such as Clostridium difficile colitis
The relationship between the enteric microbiome and autoimmune liver disease continues to be an area of emerging research and potential clinical significance
Summary
The human enteric microbiome is made up of approximately 2–5 × 1012 bacteria per gram of fecal matter [1]. The microbiome composition in adults reflects their history of exposure to bacteria and environmental factors during early life, their genetic background, age, interactions with the immune system, geographical location, and, most especially, their diet [3,4,5,6,7,8]. These factors are thought to contribute to the development of autoimmune disease. This review will focus on the role of the microbiome in the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis; liver disorders associated with aberrant immune function in genetically susceptible individuals
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