Autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental delays in children with giant omphalocele

Abstract

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and identify risk factors of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and neurodevelopmental delays in giant omphalocele (GO) survivors. Materials and methodsThe study cohort consists of 47 GO survivors enrolled in our follow-up program between 07/2004 and 12/2015. All patients underwent assessments at 2 years of age or older. Outcomes were assessed by either the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (prior 2006) or III (after 2006), or the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (children older than 4 years). ASD diagnosis was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (prior to 2014) or 5 criteria. ResultsThe prevalence of ASD in GO children is 16 times higher than the general population (P = 0.0002). ASD patients were more likely to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental and neurofunctional delays, language disorders, and genetic abnormalities (P < 0.01). While 53.2% of GO children scored within the average range for all developmental domains, 19.1% scored within the mildly delayed and 27.7% in the severe delayed range in at least one domain. Prolonged respiratory support, pulmonary hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, feeding problems, prolonged hospitalization, abnormal BAER hearing screen, presence of delayed motor coordination, and hypotonicity were associated with delayed scores (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThere is a significant rate of ASD in GO survivors. Neurodevelopmental delays, language delays, and genetic abnormalities were strongly associated with ASD. Neurological impairments were present in nearly half of GO children. Surrogate markers of disease severity were associated with below average neurodevelopmental scores.Level of evidenceLevel IV