Augmented Intelligence: Surveys of Literature and Expert Opinion to Understand Relations Between Human Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence

Kok-Lim Alvin Yau,Hock Guan Goh,Mee Hong Ling,Aqeel Raza Syed,Heejeong Jasmine Lee,Celimuge Wu,Yung-Wey Chong

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3115494

Abstract

Augmented intelligence (AuI) integrates human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI) to harness their strengths and mitigate their weaknesses. The combination of HI and AI has seen to improve both human and machine capabilities, and achieve a better performance compared to separate HI and AI approaches. In this paper, we present a survey of literature to understand how AuI has been applied in the literature, including the roles of HI and AI, AI approaches, features, and applications. Due to the limited literature related to this topic, we also present a survey of expert opinion to answer four main questions to understand the experts’ implications of AuI, including: a) the definition of AuI and the significance of HI in AuI; b) the roles of HI in AuI; c) the current and future applications of AuI in research, industry, and public, as well as the advantages and shortcomings of AuI; and d) end users’ view of the application of AuI. We also present recommendations to improve AuI, and provide a comparison between the findings from the surveys of both literature and expert opinion. The discussion of this paper shows the promising potential of AuI compared to separate HI and AI approaches.

Highlights

A UGMENTED intelligence (AuI), or hybrid intelligence, advocates the partnership between humans and machines [1] with the following postulation: AuI = human intelligence (HI) (50%) + artificial intelligence (AI) (50%)The postulation enables humans and machines to collaborate synergistically by learning from each other and capitalizing each other’s advantages for achieving shared goals
Due to the prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI), AuI has been regarded as an extension of AI with human intelligence (HI)
The contributions of this paper is to understand the AuI implementation by answering two research questions: a) how has AuI been applied in the literature?; and b) what kinds of implications does AuI make based on experts’ opinion? To answer question (a), we conducted a secondary research to gather examples of how AuI has been applied in the literature

Summary

INTRODUCTION

A UGMENTED intelligence (AuI), or hybrid intelligence, advocates the partnership between humans and machines (or computers) [1] with the following postulation: AuI = HI (50%) + AI (50%). The postulation enables humans and machines to collaborate synergistically by learning from each other and capitalizing each other’s advantages for achieving shared goals. Due to the prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI), AuI has been regarded as an extension of AI with human intelligence (HI). The incorporation of HI into AuI helps to include ethical, legal, and societal values [2], such as fairness, accountability, and transparency, of humans into decision making. The goal of AI is to create advanced computers and machines that possess intelligence equal to humankind’s [10], such as passing the Turing test [11]. The effects of the shortcomings of AI to AuI warrant a thorough investigation

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS PAPER

BACKGROUND

DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF AUGMENTED INTELLIGENCE

EXPERT INTERVIEW

RESEARCH QUESTIONS There are four main research questions as follows

COMPARISON BETWEEN LITERATURE REVIEW AND EXPERT SURVEY STUDIES

VIII. CONCLUSION