Auditory Detection and Discrimination in Deaf Cats: Psychophysical and Neural Thresholds for Intracochlear Electrical Signals

Abstract

More than 30,000 hearing-impaired human subjects have learned to use cochlear implants for speech perception and speech discrimination. To understand the basic mechanisms underlying the successful application of contemporary speech processing strategies, it is important to investigate how complex electrical stimuli delivered to the cochlea are processed and represented in the central auditory system. A deaf animal model has been developed that allows direct comparison of psychophysical thresholds with central auditory neuronal thresholds to temporally modulated intracochlear electrical signals in the same animals. Behavioral detection thresholds were estimated in neonatally deafened cats for unmodulated pulse trains (e.g., 30 pulses/s or pps) and sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM) pulse trains (e.g., 300 pps, SAM at 30 Hz; 300/30 AM). Animals were trained subsequently in a discrimination task to respond to changes in the modulation frequency of successive SAM signals (e.g., 300/8 AM vs. 300/30 AM). During acute physiological experiments, neural thresholds to pulse trains were estimated in the inferior colliculus (IC) and the primary auditory cortex (A1) of the anesthetized animals. Psychophysical detection thresholds for unmodulated and SAM pulse trains were virtually identical. Single IC neuron thresholds for SAM pulse trains showed a small but significant increase in threshold (0.4 dB or 15.5 microA) when compared with thresholds for unmodulated pulse trains. The mean difference between psychophysical and minimum neural thresholds within animals was not significant (mean = 0.3 dB). Importantly, cats also successfully discriminated changes in the modulation frequencies of the SAM signals. Performance on the discrimination task was not affected by carrier rate (100, 300, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 pps). These findings indicate that 1) behavioral and neural response thresholds are based on detection of the peak pulse amplitudes of the modulated and unmodulated signals, and 2) discrimination of successive SAM pulse trains is based on temporal resolution of the envelope frequencies. Overall, our animal model provides a robust framework for future studies of behavioral discrimination and central neural temporal processing of electrical signals applied to the deaf cochlea by a cochlear implant.