Abstract
The authors use time-domain spectroscopy with attosecond X-ray pulses to access the time and energy information of rescattering electrons simultaneously.
Highlights
Light-induced polarization is fundamental in most lightmatter interactions, especially nonlinear processes [1]
Since the observable of x-ray single photoionization yield is proportional to the electron density near the nucleus, the proposed time-domain spectroscopy can in general be applied to studies of other light-induced linear and nonlinear polarization effects in atoms and molecules
When the laser field becomes equivalently strong as the Coulomb force of an atom or a molecule, valence electrons can be removed from the bound system through tunneling or barrier-suppressed ionization, which leads to many fascinating strong-field processes ranging from photon emission through high-order harmonic generation (HHG) to electron emission through nonsequential double ionization [6,7,8,9,10]
Summary
Light-induced polarization is fundamental in most lightmatter interactions, especially nonlinear processes [1]. When the light field is weak, the response of valence electrons in atoms and molecules is adiabatic and the induced polarization is linear to the light field strength. When atoms and molecules interact with a strong laser field, the response can be nonadiabatic and the induced polarization becomes highly nonlinear because of the high intensity of the laser pulse [5]. When the laser field becomes equivalently strong as the Coulomb force of an atom or a molecule, valence electrons can be removed from the bound system through tunneling or barrier-suppressed ionization, which leads to many fascinating strong-field processes ranging from photon emission through high-order harmonic generation (HHG) to electron emission through nonsequential double ionization [6,7,8,9,10].
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