Abstract
Background. Paraquat (PQ) is a pesticide commonly used in the control of weed in agricultural practices worldwide. Exposure to PQ has adverse biochemical and physiological consequences to humans and animals. The mechanism of toxicity is linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Presently, no single effective antidote to PQ toxicity has been established. Therefore, the need to continually investigate different treatment approaches is of paramount importance. Objective. This study evaluated the capacity of selected dietary supplements to attenuate paraquat-induced kidney dysfunction and damages by determining some kidney function biomarkers and oxidative parameters. Methods. Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into six groups. Each group (except Normal control) was intoxicated every other day with 1.5 mg/kg body weight of PQ and four groups (except PQ and Normal control groups) were treated daily with 40 mg/kg of garlic, glutathione and vitamin C for two weeks. Results. The results showed significant ( p < 0.05) increases in concentration of kidney malondialdehyde, urea, creatinine, and blood lipid profiles. Also, significant decrease in concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, kidney glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were presented by PQ control group compared to other PQ exposed groups treated with the antioxidant compounds. Conclusions. PQ-induced changes indicated kidney dysfunction and damage. However, the administration of antioxidant supplements attenuated the PQ-induced biochemical and physiological dysfunction in the rats.
Highlights
Paraquat (PQ) herbicide is a quaternary nitrogen compound (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride)
The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) (Fig. 2), was lowest in PQ control group when compared to the normal control group
Kidney concentration of GSH was significantly higher in vitamin C, GSH and combination groups compared to PQ control
Summary
Paraquat (PQ) herbicide is a quaternary nitrogen compound (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) It is a common non-selective contact herbicide used in agricultural practice worldwide [1, 2]. Studies have shown that oral ingestion of PQ induces generation of hydrogen peroxide anion, hydroxyl free radical as well as superoxide anions which cause lipid peroxidation with resultant cell membrane damage. These biochemical activities caused by oxidative free radicals are a common pathway for kidney damage and renal tubular necrosis. Significant decrease in concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, kidney glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were presented by PQ control group compared to other PQ exposed groups treated with the antioxidant compounds. The administration of antioxidant supplements attenuated the PQ-induced biochemical and physiological dysfunction in the rats
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