Atomic layer deposited ZnO:Al for nanostructured silicon heterojunction solar cells

Abstract

For transparent front contacts of nanostructured silicon solar cells aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al), deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD), is investigated. For this purpose it is crucial that the ZnO:Al layer covers the nanostructures conformally. ZnO:Al deposition at a temperature of 225°C, compatible with the underlying solar cell structures, yields a resistivity of 1.2×10−3Ωcm and 85% mean optical transmittance in the VIS–NIR range (<1300nm). The complex dielectric function of the ALD–ZnO:Al is determined by fitting optical spectra with a multi-oscillator model. An investigation of the layer structure shows a preferential growth in the c-direction of the hexagonal ZnO crystal and 100–200nm long wedge-shaped crystallites. I–V measurements on planar ZnO:Al/a-Si:H(n/p)/c-Si(n+/p+) test structures reveal the nature of the ZnO:Al contact to both n- and p-type a-Si:H. Simple planar solar cells exhibited an excellent rectification behavior and open circuit voltages VOC=620–640mV.The feasibility of nanostructure silicon heterojunction solar cells is demonstrated by showing the conformal coating of deep Si nanowire structures.