Abstract
When a pulsed laser is focused on a material surface and sufficient energy is suddenly deposited in that surface, local vaporization occurs and surface material ’’blows off.’’ If this occurs in a vacuum, intense beams of even refractory materials can be formed by collimating at distances where the expanding gas bubble has become collisionless. A simple model is presented which predicts experimentally observed particle velocity distributions and angular distributions. Of particular significance is the implication from these distributions that the equilibrium temperature of the initial dense gas bubble is much lower than a cursory on-axis velocity measurement might imply. This is critical in evaluating effects due to beam particle internal energy. Laser parameters and experimental configurations determine bubble temperature and hence internal energy and in the extreme whether atoms or ions (plasma) are produced; particle velocities may be effectively varied by choosing appropriate angles and arrival times.
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