Abstract
In the present work, we have evaluated for first time the feasibility of APCI-MS volatile compound fingerprinting in conjunction with chemometrics (PLS-DA) as a new strategy for rapid and non-destructive food classification. For this purpose 202 clarified monovarietal juices extracted from apples differing in their botanical and geographical origin were used for evaluation of the performance of APCI-MS as a classification tool. For an independent test set PLS-DA analyses of pre-treated spectral data gave 100% and 94.2% correct classification rate for the classification by cultivar and geographical origin, respectively. Moreover, PLS-DA analysis of APCI-MS in conjunction with GC–MS data revealed that masses within the spectral ACPI-MS data set were related with parent ions or fragments of alkyesters, carbonyl compounds (hexanal, trans-2-hexenal) and alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-butanol, cis-3-hexenol) and had significant discriminating power both in terms of cultivar and geographical origin.
Highlights
Ethnic differences in severe disease hospitalisation [1] and mortality [2] emerged early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Our study suggests that Healthcare workers (HCWs) of Black ethnicity have higher overall rates of SARS-CoV2 seropositivity than their White counterparts, even after adjustment for demographics, socio-economic status, presence of Covid-19 symptoms and exposure, suggesting a higher ability to mount an antibody response to the virus
The association between Black ethnicity and symptomatic infection (OR=2.57 95%CI 1.20-5.09 p=0.0167) and between Black ethnicity and asymptomatic infection (OR=3.20 95%CI 1.64-6.22 p=0.0006) in the two HCW cohorts are similar we find no evidence for this association between Black ethnicity and seropositivity being in any way linked to the presence or absence of Covid-19 symptoms
Summary
Ethnic differences in severe disease hospitalisation [1] and mortality [2] emerged early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Large-scale community cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported higher infection prevalence in certain ethnic minority populations [5]. These studies typically report PCR tests in symptomatic individuals or single time point community surveillance [6], underestimating true case ascertainment. Healthcare workers (HCWs) have increased rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the general population. We aimed to understand ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among hospital healthcare workers depending on their hospital role, socioeconomic status, Covid-19 symptoms and basic demographics. Interpretation: In the UK first wave, Black ethnicity (but not other ethnicities) more than doubled HCWs likelihood of seropositivity, independent of age, sex, measured socio-economic factors and hospital role
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