Abstract
This paper addresses the atmospheric emissions of CO2, SO2, H2S, NOx, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from oil and gas extraction and production in the Gulf of Kavala. This is currently the only location of oil and gas production in Greece. Facilities are located both offshore (Kappa and Delta platforms) and onshore (Sigma plant), producing sweet gas, sour gas, and sour crude oil. This study presents the characteristics of atmospheric emissions, including emission measurements, emission inventories, and concentration measurements, from a central monitoring station and twelve total sulfation stations, the latter aiming to assess the effects of atmospheric emissions to air quality. During the development of the monitoring system, special attention was placed to sulfur compounds, since the existence of sour gas and sour crude oil was expected to lead to increased amounts of H2S and SO2. One of the main findings of the present study is that if the prevailing wind direction is considered (i.e., from N–NE), then the central monitoring station is not located downwind of the onshore and offshore facilities; therefore, its position should be re-examined. The emission inventories showed that flaring at the offshore facilities is the main source of SO2 emissions, while SO2 emissions and ambient concentrations were well below the relevant standards. Furthermore, CO2 emissions were lower by 67.73% as compared to 2008, when emissions reached a maximum. This was attributed to more energy demanding activities during that period, and mainly to the operation of turbines between 2007 and 2009. Since it is expected that the exploitation of hydrocarbons as well as oil and gas extraction and production will increase in the future in Greece, appropriate measures should be taken to ensure environmental protection, such as the use of up-to-date emission control technologies and a flare gas recovery system.
Highlights
This study presents an overview of the atmospheric emissions and the concentrations of air pollutants related to the oil and gas extraction and production facilities in the
This paper presents, analyzes, and discusses data on CO2, SO2, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provided by air quality measurements, emission measurements and emission inventories, as described of the paper
This is the first such study in Greece and aims to provide insight into the current status of atmospheric emissions and air quality related to oil and gas extraction, as well as to identify the individual contributions of the main sources of SO2, NOx, and CO2
Summary
Oil and gas exploration in Greece begun in 1969, when the State granted hydrocarbon exploration concession rights to a Consortium of foreign companies in the Gulf of Kavala. The primary function of process equipment (three-phase production, separation, and glycol regeneration furnace) takes place, where the produced crude oil and gas are stabilized (first processing of oil and gas streams) in order to be transported through pipelines from offshore to onshore [3]. A new investment programme has been implemented in order to increase the current crude oil production up to 20,000 bopd [5] To this end, the Greek authorities have leased three new blocks in Western Greece: one onshore in Ioannina, and two offshore in the Gulf of Patraikos and in Katakolon (January 2015). They invited applications for bids for 20 blocks in the Ionian Sea and south of Crete (July 2015) (Figure 2) [6]
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