Abstract
Simple SummaryThe negative impacts of aerial ammonia on meat quality have been proven, but the mechanism still unclear. This study showed that different concentrations of ammonia exposure changed the meat quality of pigs indicated by the alteration of muscle fiber types and increased fat content. The data from RNA-Seq demonstrated that 10 mg/m3 ammonia exposure altered genes related to myofiber development (MyoD1, MyoG), whereas 25 mg/m3 ammonia affected genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation (SCD, FADS1, FASN, ACADL), which may explain the changes of meat quality to some extent. The alteration of lipid metabolism after ammonia exposure was inseparable from the metabolism of ammonia and glutamine in muscle.Ammonia, an aerial pollutant in animal facilities, affects animal health. Recent studies showed that aerial ammonia negatively impacts meat quality but the mechanism remains unknown. To understand how ammonia drives its adverse effects on pig meat quality, 18 crossbred gilts were exposed to 0, 10 or 25 mg/m3 ammonia for 25 days. Ammonia exposure increased fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle, and meat color got lighter after 25 mg/m3 ammonia exposure. Analysis of MyHC isoforms showed an increased MyHC IIx but decreased MyHC I after ammonia exposure. Besides, muscular glutamine decreased significantly as aerial ammonia increased. Although hyperammonemia was reported to upregulate MSTN and inhibit downstream mTOR pathway, no changes have been found in the mRNA expression level of MSTN and protein expression level of mTOR signal pathway after ammonia exposure. RNA-Seq showed that 10 mg/m3 ammonia exposure altered genes related to myofiber development (MyoD1, MyoG), whereas 25 mg/m3 ammonia affected genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation (SCD, FADS1, FASN, ACADL). Collectively, our findings showed aerial ammonia exposure appears to regulate myofiber development and lipid metabolism in the skeletal muscle, which results in the negative impacts on meat quality in pigs.
Highlights
Ammonia is water-soluble noxious gas and is one of the most prominent aerial pollutants in animal farming facilities
Meat color was found to be lighter in the pigs exposed to 25 mg/m3 ammonia (p = 0.001) than those exposed to 0 or 10 mg/m3 ammonia
Ammonia can be incorporated into urea, representing a high capacity but a low-affinity means; while in the perivenous hepatocytes, it is converted to glutamine, representing a low capacity but a high-affinity pathway
Summary
Ammonia is water-soluble noxious gas and is one of the most prominent aerial pollutants in animal farming facilities. Aerial ammonia can irritate eyes and damage the epithelial barrier of the airway [1]. Bacterial decomposition of feed residues and nitrogen-containing excretions produces a large amount of ammonia emission. In intensive large-scale livestock husbandry facilities, aerial ammonia levels vary widely from 1.4 to 60.9 mg/m3 [2]. Animals 2020, 10, 2 livestock houses for animals can exceed 35 mg/m3 in winter because of poor ventilation [3]. High levels of aerial ammonia can jeopardize the health and welfare of the animals, as well as farmworkers
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