Abstract
The ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central section of the hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. It provides important information for reconstruction of hadrons, jets, hadronic decays of tau leptons and missing transverse energy. This sampling calorimeter uses steel plates as absorber and scintillating tiles as active medium. Scintillating light is transmitted by wavelength shifting fibres to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in the rear girders of the wedge-shaped calorimeter modules. Photomultiplier signals are then digitized at 40 MHz and stored on-detector in digital pipelines. Event data are transmitted off-detector upon a first level trigger acceptance, at a maximum rate of 100 kHz. The readout is segmented into about 5000 cells, each read out by two PMTs on opposite sides of the cells. To calibrate and monitor the stability and performance of each part of the readout chain during the data taking, a set of calibration systems is used. The TileCal calibration system comprises Cesium radioactive sources, a laser, a charge injection system and an integrator based readout system. Combined information from all systems allows the calorimeter response to be monitored and equalised at each stage of the signal production, from scintillation light to digitisation. After exposure to scintillator light for almost 10 years, variations in gain have been observed when the PMTs are exposed to large light currents. These variations have been studied and correlated to some intrinsic properties of the PMTs, including the quantum efficiency, as well as operation conditions like the High Voltage. Latest results and conclusions are presented.
Highlights
Calibration Systems of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal)2.1 The Cesium Calibration The Cesium calibration system [4] is based on three movable 137Cs γ-sources and a hydraulic control implemented in the calorimeter body
The factor CpC→GeV was fixed prior to data taking, during dedicated test beam campaigns
2.1 The Cesium Calibration The Cesium calibration system [4] is based on three movable 137Cs γ-sources and a hydraulic control implemented in the calorimeter body
Summary
2.1 The Cesium Calibration The Cesium calibration system [4] is based on three movable 137Cs γ-sources and a hydraulic control implemented in the calorimeter body. The TileCal response to Cesium signals have to be corrected from the Cesium decay curve (−2.3%/year) Deviations of this response are translated into calibration constants (CCesium). They are used to equalize the response of all the cells and maintain global response of the calorimeter at the electromagnetic scale These constants describe the optical chain and the photomultipliers, with a precision better 3 per 1000, including the scintillators aging effect. During this calibration, the Integrator is used to record the PMT responses making the Cesium measurement insensitive to things that can affect the readout used for collision data. The laser system is used between two Cesium scans
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